#755 - Randall Carlson - The Finger Lakes Mega Flood Tour. Cataclysm in North AmericaRandall Carlson - The Finger Lakes Mega Flood Tour. Cataclysm in North America

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Okay guys, welcome back to the Grand America show.

Come around to this week with a bit of a special episode.

It's a friend of the show, and a fan favorite, Randall Carlson.

Technically, we went on his show.

But I don't know how many of you listened to both.

So we're going to release it here.

Anyway, me, Graham, and Randall for, man, had to be almost two hours, I think.

Oh, you think it went that long? Yeah, probably.

We went on the show, and we went on the show, and we went on the show.

But I don't know how many of you listened to both.

So we're going to release it here.

Anyway, as me, Graham, and Randall for, man, had to be almost two hours, I think.

We went on for another 10 or 15 minutes after you after I think.

Oh, right.

After you went to your hockey game.

Yeah.

We get into it, you know, all the stuff, mostly mega flood stuff this time,

less sort of esoteric.

I don't think that it's mostly just all mega flood stuff.

Looking at the map, my news is Astro map, that's here.

If people haven't checked that out, that's the new map.

People echo it and simulate crazy disasters.

We played with that for a little bit, and then started looking at tsunami evidence

in the Middle East, Australia.

Actually, the Australia stuff might have been later, right, when we weren't recording.

Yeah.

Yeah, definitely.

The Middle East and Madagascar, I think, in this one.

And then, of course, North America, all that stuff.

Favorite makes it.

I mean, time stamp in the show notes.

If people want to skip ahead of our lazy ramblings here, but it's a good show.

Everybody loves Randall Carlson.

Yeah.

Going on trip with us in Randall.

Yeah.

Oh, yeah.

It's been a week with Randall.

Watch some presentations in person.

Have a Zoom call, a personal Zoom call with them, with the team, and everybody.

And then go on location.

I mean, the finger lakes, one night, dude, got to say, looks unique in the scenery

compared to what we're used to in the scablands.

The waterfalls and the little corridors and maybe they're like miniature slot canyons

almost, but not dry and deserty.

Just full of life and dripping and almost like another world, very like fairy tale

like.

Well, that's going to be a good one.

They could spend two weeks with Randall this fall, technically, because we've got

that one.

And then in October, we've also got the sacred geometry scablands.

Workshop up in Lake Shalan.

You could see some ripple fields.

See a few things and do like 16 hours of sacred geometry.

So it was whole level one sacred geometry thing in and out of Seattle.

That one's in October.

People can check that out.

And this is coming out on March 31.

So I would say I already had to pump the price up on that last Easter Island ticket.

I could maybe fit two if it was a pair.

But I had to pump the price up because the flights have gone from.

I mean, I'm getting them in Canadians.

So they went from the first ones I bought were $9.89 Canadian.

As of yesterday, the kids from Santiago to Israel.

And they're going to Easter Island and back.

So I bought the first batch for $9.89.

Guess how much the last one I bought was $2,600.

$2,200.

But now when I went on yesterday, because I was like, I better bump up these prices if the

flight's gone up this much.

And it was up another $200.

So is that like $24.50?

Oh my God.

And I was looking online.

I was like, should I use a, could I try with a blog, you know, a VPN or something and see if it just knows I'm buying these tickets.

So it's jacking it up.

But I tried a couple different booking agencies and they all said the same thing.

And then when I looked into it, they're like, that's basically how that Easter Island flight work.

It starts out cheap and just gets more and more expensive until it's sold out because it's basically a fold all the time.

Really?

Yeah, I don't know if it's full of just tourists, but it's probably like you've got people who have to go back and forth.

You've got all the supplies, all the food that has to go back and forth.

There's only a few flights a week.

And I'm sure we're paying more.

I'm sure if you've got like, if you're a resident of Easter Island that it's subsidized somehow or something's going on.

It's literally the craziest flight change I've ever really seen.

And just like, because funny enough, the flight for Oxford to Santiago went down.

But that other flight went because I was, I had been waiting because there tends to be this period where it's like three weeks to five weeks before is when they're sort of at their cheapest when they're kind of in panic mode.

But then the Iran shit happened and the oil price went through the roof and fuel here fucking went up 30, 40% overnight.

And I was like, oh God, what's going to happen to the I better book our flight.

So I went on tried to book our flights through booking three times it took the money and then canceled the flight so it couldn't do something.

So I ended up going back to fucking expedient as much as I hate those fucking guys.

I was doing a social credit check on you.

Speedy one just works, just fucking worked.

Yeah, it's crazy. All that to say, you still can't come to Easter Island. The price reflects the new flight changes.

There's like one or two spots left. We leave in 22 days from Calgary. We leave in 22 or no, the event starts in 22 days. So we probably leave in 20 days.

I don't know if people can check that out. The solstice thing is also coming out, which is going to be a fun one with a Madison and the power on the group.

Like an old school, it's going to be very very much like duck creek. I expect new place, new stuff to see, but I feel like it's going to have a duck creek duck creek vibe to it.

Yeah.

It's a lot more fun.

And now you're done hockey, no trophy.

No trophy. No, we don't. It's not that serious.

But yeah, done. That's good.

Do you keep track of that's at least? No.

None of that.

Our kids, our kids won the provincials.

Here.

For the first time, for the first time. I went and watched the game. It was like the, we used to call it like,

do you ban them? Maybe ban them, I guess under 17s under 17s under 18 under 17s.

So that's what we had. You would start with the regionals and it sort of goes up right district under 18s. It's it is. Yeah.

Yeah. And then it goes into levels.

So is that Saskatoon or your town actually?

No, my little town. Yeah.

A little town.

And it's the first time ever. And I think a bunch of the minor hockey leagues won. So that's kind of cool. Cool.

There you go. I went to the game because I got to play with some of those kids and they they came to play with us when we're short to players. So it's awesome.

It's starting to look like kind of Moe is really on car.

These decks.

It's a good thing you guys got hockey going for you.

Every time I see something from your premier now, I'm like Jesus Christ Scott.

Mind you Daniels doing it the same way just in a different way.

You know, like slipping all those things, not that it's hard to complain because we've got a good leader here.

And we're going to get all this stuff on the as a referendum, right?

We get to not just a separation one.

We've got an immigration referendum.

Oh, no, but she said that the separation one takes precedent or whatever.

So if that would take precedent, but it's still fucking math. It's still like greasy.

You know what I mean? So you basically it's like you can separate because all of these issues.

But I'm also on the same ballot.

Basically going to say you can vote on all those same issues that are really the separation issues except for equalization.

Which we've already passed and just didn't change anything.

But it's like a it's a convolution almost, you know?

Yeah.

We talk about this a little bit more on our grammar card.

We do.

We try not to go into too much Canadian stuff, but it's kind of depressing.

It's a tough to get news out of Canada, you know.

I'm in Canada tomorrow.

That's more of the carbon price goes up 5 to 16%.

The hidden carbon price.

Everything was in.

Maybe you got rejected on that flight purchase because you've used up your personal carbon credits.

I'm thinking I was hoping I wouldn't have to like deal with that because I got the tree card.

Yeah.

You don't have ultimate.

Imagine if you had unlimited carbon credits because you're native.

Yeah.

Wow.

Because of my oppression.

Your oppression card.

You get your oppression card.

I get more carbon credits.

Yeah.

Imagine if they gave out carbon credits in accordance with your oppression cards.

Imagine when you mean.

Yeah.

Imagine when they do that.

Anyway, it is a good chat with.

It's winter here again, dude.

Yeah, it's pretty wintery.

No, like eight more inches of snow and it feels like Christmas again.

I mean, it's like it really feels like we went, we slipped back into winter.

Well, Calgary got a blizzard.

Yeah.

Oh, yeah, I saw that.

Here, it's not a bit, but then it's melting again today.

So it's not too bad.

I think I'm going to go for the first goose hunt on Friday.

This is my current goal.

Friday, goose hunt.

Oh, yeah, that's good.

Where are you going?

Going down by, down by Badger Lake.

See, that seems to be the only one that's really open right now so far.

That's a 23rd.

That's where we were, right?

That's where we were when we went with you.

Hmm.

Oh, yeah.

Yeah, because you, that's where we were when you, when your tent was blown away and you thought

we were dancing with you.

Yeah, I totally thought I thought you guys were, I thought you guys were going to drag my tent

across the field and it was just the wind.

We were all dealing with the same thing.

Yeah, we're going to head down there.

The lake's open.

It's supposed to be a bunch of geese on it.

Jesse was down there poking around.

It was that time of year.

Friday, first time out.

I noticed there was some people bugging me on Twitter because it's already like the Dakotas

are kicked off already.

The states are going pretty hard on theirs.

We're just finally warming up here.

It's going to be fun.

It's been, it's been a long winter of not doing that kind of stuff, you know?

Ice fishing is ice fishing.

It's fun, but it's still basically just going to sit in a warm shack on the lake, you know?

Waiting for bells to go off or doing this and that.

It's not the same as getting out hunting and exercising and moving shit around and dragging

it.

A lot of walking.

Be good.

Be good for me.

And then, of course, go ahead.

Did you see that video of the two girls, the two ladies that caught that pike, that massive

pike in this ice fishing?

And they pulled it up and it was like one inch longer than the year, the lady, the other lady

that was there that caught it the year before.

It was one inch shorter, 43 inches that year and then 44 inches this year.

And they looked at the pictures and it's the same fish.

Nice.

44 inches is a good pike.

They caught it, I think a year later, it's an extra inch long.

Well, we are doing a bunch of hunting this fall too.

Tony's coming over, getting the gang back together.

If people want to check that out and come out maybe this fall, I think it's in October.

Last half of October and there's a few packages there.

People can check out like a three day, six day, 10 day, 12 day or something like that.

Check out Grand American.ca slash hunting to get to that.

And there's the, of course, the big rage right now is the new app.

I guess we, did we talk about it yet?

We're still going to do an episode on it where we do some of the stuff.

But it's both done now.

I think we've added a bunch of cool new features to it.

Like multiple asteroid impacts at once, multiple nukes at once.

You can sort of simulate a Russian first strike and all sorts of weird stuff like that.

And the pole flips look a lot better.

Finally figured out a way to animate that transition instead of stopping and starting.

Those are pretty cool and then you can flip the pole and check out the theoretical inundation levels.

So that's disaster map dot CA if people want to check that out.

And then we have, if you know any teachers telling to check out the climate impact map dot com,

which is sort of our commercial facing version of that.

Send it to a teacher if you know it.

It's we're not really qualified to market it.

So we need other people to do it.

Climate impact map dot com.

Climate impact map dot com and disaster map.

I mean, the second one really just came out of because the engine and everything was already built for the first one.

And we're like, hey, we might be leaving half the audience off the table.

So I could say that one's sort of geared towards teachers.

So send that to teachers if you know it.

And most of all, support the show by and disaster maps is a way to support the show.

There's a pro version of that.

It's a one time purchase and you unlock a bunch of cool features.

But the other way to support the show is just to go to go to America dot CA slash support and sign up for monthly.

They're making a one time donation.

If you are getting some value from the podcast that we've been doing now.

For a while, we must be almost up to episode 760 all there in the back catalog.

All for you.

Another one's rental car.

So we probably got the most interviews with Randall.

I would say that everyone, right?

Yeah, probably.

We got like 15 or 16 hours with Randall.

Now we're going to add another two hours to that with this one.

And we need support.

America dot CA slash support.

That's how the show goes.

It just with people don't support it.

The show goes away.

We don't want that to happen.

Sign up for monthly make a one time donation.

We've been doing a drive lately to just get everyone to sign up for a buck or two.

One, two bucks a month and bucks a year.

Whatever you can afford.

It all helps if everybody signed up for a buck.

That was listening to the show.

We would never ask for money again.

That's right.

That's a different one.

We've only got one person to thank this week.

And that is Graham.

Graham Palmer.

Well, I also have two, twenty two a month.

Okay.

So thank you, Graham.

That's a different graph.

What do you got to know?

No, I don't actually.

I think I read it last week.

I was mistaken.

Time flies.

No, it does.

It's been a week.

I looked at the data like I was a week ago.

Time flies when you're podcasting all the time.

I mean, you should go into Easter Island with us.

This is a trip of a lifetime.

Never going to do it again.

Just get it done.

Despite the bullet.

Money comes back.

Easter Island might not come back.

And then when the carbon credits kick in,

good luck.

You'll never get to go to Easter Island.

Unless you're an elite or like a scientist or, I don't know,

or an Easter Island person.

You're probably none of those.

So we wouldn't be listening to this show.

If I'm assuming if we had a listener on Easter Island,

we are heard about it by now.

Right?

They will let us know.

Oh, I'm sure.

You would think.

Yeah.

From America dot CA.

I actually know contacted the cabin dot com for that.

You can't get there from grammar.

I could not see it.

Then there's a link of course to all that stuff.

Do check.

We do have a brand new website.

People can check out.

So it works all easier.

Compay direct.

All that sort of fun stuff.

Save a bunch of them.

Event.

Bright.

Fees.

I know lots of people.

Don't love event.

Right.

But what you can do.

What else you got?

Anything else?

I mean, we only got that one person to thank this week.

It's a real shame.

It's nice when we're having a bunches there for a bit.

I mean, we can get that momentum back this week.

The Randall episode.

Get you guys geared up to buy some tickets for some events and support the show.

It was interesting to go on Randall show.

But at the end of the day, we still ended up interviewing him.

Yeah.

Of course.

Yeah.

But I'll see you do.

Yeah.

That's about it.

That's about it.

We got a long show here.

So we'll get out of here early.

Check out.

America outlawed.ca for the podcast adult rain.ca for the audio books.

Contacted.

If people like pre cosmic horror, like pre lovecraft cosmic sci-fi horror, there's a bunch

of short stories up up there now.

You got it.

Got up there.

The crystal egg.

The star of the country.

The blind.

The machine stops.

Absolutely.

Absolutely.

Check us out on you.

I mean, I got to say, since we went on the Randall show, because they tagged us in it or something.

Somehow.

But our YouTube followers have been growing faster than they've ever grown.

Right now, it's grown at twice the rate of the book channel.

Wow.

I think so.

Interesting.

Yeah.

They somehow tagged us in the YouTube video.

Great.

People could just click on it.

I mean, it's hard to believe.

We're still.

We're still out of YouTube.

We came close.

So many times.

We got to strike two.

We got to strike two like fucking.

How many times were we super careful just because one more strike and we're off.

And now are no strikes and to monetize.

It's unreal.

Monetize nothing, basically, because they don't really pay anything over there.

But monetize for a super chance of anybody ever wanted to go do that.

And now it doesn't even have to be live.

You can just leave a tip on an old video.

So it's like a timeless super chat.

Anyway, support the show, please.

Come on a trip.

Check out the maps.

It's all in the show notes.

Disastermap.ca, the climate.

Impactmap.com.

And all that other stuff to share the show.

That's important.

Most of all, guys, enjoy the chat with Randall.

I don't think we need a bio for Randall.

Yeah.

It's the rogue scar that we all know.

Randall Carlson.com.

Check it out.

Enjoy the chat.

Now we've been looking forward to doing this.

And also looking forward to to Darren showing Randall his new tool that's that he's got

out on the interwebs right now.

And yeah, we've got the lake.

We got the shellandship coming up to a Darren and October.

But this one is next.

The finger lakes in New York.

Was it new technically New York?

Finger lakes is technically New York.

And yeah, just New York.

What can I say?

And in fact, it was New Party New York probably before any serious technology even existed.

Western New York.

Yeah.

Really a very different place than long to coast.

All right.

And it's August 30th to September 5th, 2026, of course.

We're flying into Buffalo, right?

Into Buffalo, Niagara.

So we'll get to see the US side of the falls.

I've been to the Canadian side.

But I've never been to the other side before.

Well, the big advantage to the US side is that you can actually get a better perspective on

the Canadian falls.

Because you're jammed up against them, right?

Exactly.

But that's worth seeing because it gives you at least some framework for thinking about like

if you're standing there, dry falls.

And then you realize that it's two and a half times, almost three times the height of Niagara.

And the volume.

Let's see.

What is the volume of Niagara?

It's pretty impressive.

But it really does give one a sense of the power and majesty of these giant floods.

And of course, it is a relic of the ice age and the deglaciation of the of the whole region up there.

So I opened the national map and you were here.

And yeah, so are we going to start with, I get to see what you've been working on there, Darren.

Or you're going to keep me in suspense.

Oh, do you want to see that first?

Oh, well, I don't know.

You brought it up.

I didn't know when you were going to like first, middle or later, I last.

I was going to do it later, but I could do it now.

I got it right here.

Ready to go.

I think I can just share my screen.

There's my new disaster map.

Yeah, yeah.

I saw you sent me that.

I haven't had a chance to dive into it yet.

Yeah, that's good.

So then I can.

It's basically what I've done here.

And I mean, you're the inspiration for a lot of this.

So I can do different things like I can click here.

I can basically I can set this.

The first feature that I can set the ocean level to wherever I want.

So we could melt.

Oh, wow.

We can set whatever I want.

Let we can manually set whatever we want.

Or we've got some presets here like just melt all the all the ice on the planet melted.

And it'll give you your new.

What's your new coastlines look like?

No, okay.

Let me see where if I'm going to let's see.

Yeah, you're okay up there in Atlanta.

Yeah, you're right.

Yeah, you're okay up there.

Oh, yeah.

Let's see.

I am.

I'm.

Well, that'll be better really in a way because it'll probably take an hour off the commute time

going to go to the beach.

Yeah, exactly.

And then if you click there, it'll give you how much the new elevation is what should be

under water by now.

Okay.

And then you drop the ocean level now.

Yeah, now I can drop the ocean level, which is interesting, probably more interesting for this crowd

because now you can start to look at where the ancient coastlines used to be.

So this is pre-ungered rice, like pre-ungered rice.

Yes, this would have been pre.

This would have been pre-Meltwater Pulse 1A.

Yeah, exactly.

Now, the interesting thing about that is, I mean, obviously that doesn't give us the isostatic

rebound in the in the Azores yet, because I haven't built that in yet.

But you can start to go look at things like the bearing sea here kind of completely disappears.

So.

What Graham and I used to talk about is he didn't even need people.

I mean, obviously we think there was people here that got pushed out by the cataclysm

and then probably just came back north as things chilled out.

But you can sort of see where you would have just had this coastline.

You could have sailed around the whole time that would have brought you all the way down here.

Oh, that's an interesting way to look at it too.

And check out the arc of the illusions there.

I mean, if you're sailing up the north along the east coast of Asia there,

you cut along those islands.

Yeah, look at this.

Oh, that's really interesting.

Now, let me come across there and across here.

Did you, how much did you drop sea level, 400 feet?

So that is 20 meters, 393 feet.

Okay, close enough.

Yeah, we could do 400 though.

We just type it in, hit execute.

Now, really, it's surprising.

I remember the first time I looked at a long time ago.

I looked at a reconstruction of Berangia, which is the area up there in the bearing straits

between Alaska and Siberia.

You don't realize how much land you're actually talking about.

You think, you know, oh, the land bridge.

And you think, well, you see those two prominences right there in the middle.

Yeah, that's right.

Five times, four times the size of Alaska there.

It's enormous.

And that whole area was populated with millions of megafauna.

Well, keep going to the Baltic Sea there, two there.

Go left.

Yeah, right there, right there.

So look at Targaryen and the Baltic Sea event.

Like Scandinavia is basically, there's no ocean there, either sea there.

Right.

And you see that blue arc of ocean.

It comes around the southern end of Norway there.

Yeah.

That is a huge scoured catastrophic flood trough.

And you can see, if you're, you see that, there's that valley there between Norway and the

West and Sweden on the right.

And of course, the ice sheet, the Finnish Scandinavian ice sheet covered all of that up there.

And when it was melting at some stage, probably at a ladder stage, you had a huge meltwater river coming down that trough between Sweden and Norway.

And then it arked around.

I'm not sure why it did that, but you can see there's actually a deep trough that follows the, the arc there of the southern coastline of Norway.

And then it discharges into the north Atlantic up there by the north, called the Norwegian Sea.

It surprises me the Mediterranean.

How, how much is still still there?

I thought we would have seen more.

And what else is surprising if you add a bunch of water to it, even if you had 200 feet of water, the Mediterranean really doesn't get much bigger.

Uh-huh.

Yeah, that's interesting.

But the other thing you might like about this Randall is it's got all the asteroid mechanics built into it.

So I can switch and impact mode.

Pick some place to do an impact.

Go near the finger lakes.

Let's look at that place we're going here.

Okay, I'll tell you right exactly where to go zoom in on Lake Ontario.

Oh, there they are.

Right.

Now, yeah, there's the finger lakes.

And then north of there between Lake Ontario and the finger lakes are the Gromland fields.

But go in zoom in on Eastern Lake Ontario.

Eastern Lake Ontario over here.

Well, not quite that far east.

Go.

Yeah, is there a cursor?

Do you ever come?

Yeah, I don't think you can see it though for some reason.

Right now.

This is right on Australia.

Okay, you see that the dashed line boundary line.

Okay, so come down and follow that to the west until I tell you to stop.

Get the direct.

Get the boundary line back down around the center of the screen.

Right about there.

Now kind of go to the west.

And where it says Lake Ontario center that put that on your center.

That's pretty damn close to where the impact would have been right there.

So now this could be weird because I haven't run an impact in a lake yet.

But let's see what happens.

Man, it's got weird on me.

Well, but if you do it over here, what it'll do there.

Rochester there.

It'll give you you can pick your asteroid size.

It'll give you your crater size.

Your junker radius, your blast radius.

So what is the radius of the impactor for that?

That's at one kilometer.

Is that the radius or the diameter?

That's the diameter.

Okay, so half a clock.

And then it made a crater 35 kilometers, is that right?

Okay, now having made that, can you drag that up over that basin of Lake Ontario?

Oh, that's interesting.

Yeah, I doubted it's made.

No, I can't.

I have to remake it.

But what I could do, maybe cheat it right to here.

And run it from there.

Well, I was trying to look at the radius of destruction compared to the,

the geomorphic work.

Because it's likely at the point where the, where the flood occurred.

The southern margin of the Ontario lobe of the Laurentide ishi would have been right at the top end of the finger lakes.

All right.

So the drumlands would have been under the finger lakes and normally see you would find a huge terminal mooring at the,

at the terminus of the ice sheet of the glaciers.

You don't really find that here, but what you do find is what's called the valley heads mooring,

which is all of the mooring material that got washed down to the south end of the finger lakes.

So before I wrap this up around, I'll just say a couple more features.

I got a thing so you can, I got the wave engine built in.

So if we put a rock into the middle of the Gulf of Mexico here,

it'll kind of give you your flood and endation and your wave parameters.

Oh, okay.

And then I got a height, wave height too, right?

Yeah.

You mean based upon an impact?

Yeah, that'd be based on a 1200 meter diameter asteroid hitting the Gulf of Mexico.

God, it's okay.

It's perpendicular, like not on an angle, right?

It's all built off 45 degree angle impact.

So that kind of gives us a wave height of 85 meters just from a 1200 meter rock.

Right.

By the time this is when it's making landfall.

No, that's this would be on impact when it hit the ocean.

Oh, yes.

So that's a, yeah, the wave would be 85 meters when it hit the land if it landed in the center of the Gulf.

Mm-hmm.

Yeah.

You might get a kick out of it as we got the Yellowstone mode.

That'll show you the ash radiuses and depths for each of the three Yellowstone eruptions.

So I'm pretty cool in that department, also, aren't I?

You look okay.

It looks like where you are.

You be, where is Atlanta now?

No, you just on the edge there.

Yeah, right there.

You got an 85 to 95% survival odds.

Okay.

Well, I'm kind of meter of ash only.

So I'm still working on it.

Okay.

And now this one I'm still working on, but I think this is the one you get the biggest kick out of.

I haven't got the flood tiles built into it yet.

But I have this mega tsunami mode where we can pick La Palma.

Cumbra Vrahe Cascadia or Alaska.

And it'll show us sort of the follow from that landslide.

And if I click here, it'll give you the wave arrival times and the estimated wave height based on worst case scenario.

So this one here takes nine hours and it hits the coast at 15 meters of 50 feet tall still.

50 feet.

What?

50.

So it says that if Cumbra Vrahe, if you know they talk about the Canary Islands slipping away and doing a landslide making a magazine.

Right.

Right.

So that's okay.

Yeah.

So this is epicenter on one of the Canaries.

Cumbra Vrahe.

Cumbra Vrahe and this is showing the effects of a large landslide.

Yeah.

Into the ocean.

Into the ocean from off of the island.

Exactly.

Off the, yeah, got it.

Okay.

And then that's the wave height going out.

What's it doing by the time?

Let's say it gets to the east coast of the United States.

Right.

So I want to say at Charleston.

It's still going to be 50 feet tall.

And it's going to take nine hours to get there.

It says extremely dangerous, dangerous evacuation essential.

Well, if we go right to Atlanta.

Yeah, it says you better be, you better get out of there if that happened.

But you'll have nine hours.

Wait, wait, wait, wait, what now?

Well, Atlanta, we're at 1100 feet above sea level.

So this is the thing that I haven't built in yet.

I still haven't built in this last mode.

The mega tsunami mode is not built into the bathroom metric data yet.

Okay.

So not being affected.

So the asteroid into the Gulf of Mexico.

I built that into all the elevation data so that the wave stops based on the elevation

of the land that's hitting.

And now what I'll do next is build that into this mega tsunami mode too.

So could at 1100 feet, you'll probably be okay.

And it'll sort of sew that same wash and how it'll wash into the land.

Yeah, washing it would.

It would probably wash up the Savannah River Valley.

And if any river kick out of that.

Yeah, exactly.

It shows that.

So if you do the impact into the Gulf, it shows it really going up that river valley.

For a couple of hundred miles up the Mississippi.

Well, first thing I want to call your attention to is the finger lakes themselves.

And what you'll notice is if you if you draw a line along the long axis of the finger lakes,

they actually converge.

They're they're radially distributed.

That's important point number one.

And if we go here to where these lines would meet right there.

That's where I had you go to when we were trying to drop the asteroid into the into the basin of Lake Ontario.

Would have been right in here.

And we can actually see that the deepest part of the lake is this area right here.

And there's some very interesting scablands on the floor of Lake Ontario down here.

And I think I can.

You can see it if you change to the layer.

It will show it on the layers.

Yep.

I'm playing with my elevation cursor here.

And it looks like about a like 500 feet deep at that one spot.

Yeah, here you go.

Look at this.

So this right here.

This is the area.

This is the basin.

And I would I would theorize or hypothesize that this is essentially the impact point.

And you would have had you would have water rushing in both directions to the northeast and to the southwest.

And probably this all drained off ultimately to the north.

And let's see if we can actually see this yet.

Look at this.

You can see these scoured features here.

Look at this right here.

See all of this.

So all of this is showing that there was these huge flows probably in both directions.

I would say the first flow out.

Let's see if we go back to the terrain view.

Well, would not really follow those river valleys.

But naturally follow the river valleys.

And it passed up.

In fact, we can trace the flood.

It passed right up here.

This way it's created a big temporary lake right here where Montreal is.

Oh, nice delta.

Yeah.

And then it would have continued on out.

Right up here.

And out this way into the north Atlantic.

And all along here we find some very interesting things like Lake St. Gene right here.

Is highly suspicious.

And there's a good reason to believe why that may have been an impact site right here.

And there was a catastrophic graining out here past Saguenay.

If that's how you say it out here.

And you can trace the pathway of catastrophic current flows right down through here and out.

And they emanated from what is now a basin occupied by Lake St. Gene.

And there is microscopic evidence all the way down to Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

That is of a patrology that's only consistent with the bedrock right up here in this region right here.

So you can almost see like an impact circle there.

But that would have been so how much ice would have been there.

Right there would have been about a mile thick.

A mile thick.

Yeah.

Well, it depends.

I mean, at its maximum, the ice there was about a mile thick.

So if, if, and it was probably a mile thick down to the least meltwater pulse 1a.

So 14,600.

It was probably still close to that at the lower younger driest boundary.

What we need, you know, what we just don't have enough.

We don't have enough chronological data to reconstruct.

We can see like in my mind, okay, what is the exact correlation in time between these huge floods coming out this way.

And the floods that we were exploring over in the Eastern Washington.

My, my gut tells me they're probably simultaneous.

But I don't know because the dating is still still too broad.

Now, if you look here, look, look at either one Cayuga or Seneca Lake here.

And you see about how long they are.

We can not, we can actually, let's see, let's measure the distance.

And we'll go up here to Geneva.

And then we'll go to the south end of the lake at Watland, about 20 miles.

Okay, we're about 20 miles.

Okay, so now check this out.

I'm going to clear, I want to clear this out.

Oh, you're in print mode now.

You have to cancel that in the top right.

How did I get in print mode?

Well, no, now I mean print mode.

Let's see, cancel.

You got to cancel down at the bottom of that first.

Oh, there we go.

Okay, thank you.

And then probably cancel again up in the top right next to print.

Yeah, the gray cancel, right?

Yeah, there we go.

But there should be a clear...

Yeah, there's...

Oh, maybe it's being...

Let's see this.

Yeah.

So, you see, it was hiding behind the stop sharing button.

That's why I couldn't find it.

Okay, so what do we say, 20 miles?

Okay, so now I'm going to zoom out.

We're going to go over here to Washington.

We'll come in right here to Grand Coulee.

And let's just...

Right click and we'll do measure again the distance.

We got...

What to say?

That's 10 miles.

21 miles.

Oh, yeah, yeah.

20...

So maybe you get my point.

They're both the consequence of catastrophic flood flows.

In the scablands, we're eroding into basalt bedrock,

and in the finger lakes, it's shale bedrock.

And so it eroded differently.

And in the aftermath of these floods,

the post-flood environment has been very different,

because it's a difference between what,

15 inches of rainfall annually out by Grand Coulee,

and I think maybe in the order of at least 50 inches

in Western New York.

So it's a very different environment.

But basically, I think we're looking at the same type of feature

that had the very same type of origin,

which was catastrophic flows.

Clearly, that's what I was looking for last time.

Okay.

So I think you can see the similarity.

So it does all been like little rivers at one point,

then those would all have been the heads of rivers.

What, these lakes?

Yeah.

Well, see what's happening.

Yes, we've all been under the water.

Okay, so you had the glaciers coming down here.

Imagine you're drawing a glacier margin along the north end of these lakes.

And then you,

because there's a glacier margin here,

there's going to be massive amounts of terminal mooring.

The problem is, though, is when this,

the water came down,

and flushed through here,

all of the mooring ended up getting deposited down here

at the south end of these lakes.

So there's huge amounts,

they call it the valley heads mooring.

And it would have been washed down here by these floods.

But see,

another difference here is that you see here,

the floods are going up gradient.

You see, we're going uphill into the Allegheny Mountains here.

Whereas the coolies out into Channel Scablands,

the whole Columbia basin is tilting to the southwest.

So it's not really running into this, you know.

This hill.

So then that would have just washed back into Lake Ontario eventually?

Yes, yes.

But you can see here when you zoom in,

all of this is water code.

So this is beyond the glacier.

See, this is the water channel.

This is water doing this.

And you've got your flat,

because the final drainage of all of this

would have been a relatively slow affair.

And that's where it would have built the,

the alluvial bottom of the modern river valley,

or creek valley, whatever this is.

I don't know what that is.

Catherine.

Catherine Creek.

Catherine Creek, right.

So Catherine Creek is,

there's probably a lot of glacial mooring in here.

And this flood came down.

It would have washed all of this stuff back up here,

like all the way up.

You can see the effects of the backwash are still in here.

And then when the water finally reversed and drained off,

it's, you know, it's lost all of its energy in the,

in the onrush that's moved it uphill.

And then it reverses in here.

And somewhere right in here,

if we went down and looked,

we could probably find in a road cut or a railroad cut

somewhere where the actual reversal took place.

But you'd be able to see the water rushing up this way,

going up, going to the south,

it's going uphill.

And then it reaches the highest elevation

that the backwash carries it.

And then it'll stop for a while until the water to the north

drains off.

Then this will drain back out.

But the draining out is a much,

much lower energy event than the wash in.

See, so then all the wash in of it carries all this sediment.

And then the drain back out to the north,

leaves the sediment behind and builds this flat valley floor

that the modern creek is now flowing on.

But this, like all this right here see,

is a continuation of the channel that created the lake.

See, so you had this water rushing down,

and then it split.

It looks like we got some water going this way.

Let's see, the main flow seems to have gone down here.

But it looks like all of this area in here is water eroded.

So for a little while, all of these valleys were probably submerged.

Not all the way to necessarily the top of the hills here,

but all of this would have been water.

This was probably a pool of water right in here.

And you would have had, let's see, this, yeah, look at this.

See, here you had this coming off of Kayuga here.

And we go down here.

And yeah, so it was flowing back,

and back washing all the way down here.

So this whole landscape you can see has been insized

by these huge current flows that in many cases,

like this right here, you can see it essentially

cuts right across, at right angles to the pre-existing drainage.

See, the hills are oriented north east southwest.

The drainage of the original drainage is pretty much oriented north east southwest.

But this flow comes in, and it just slices across.

And completely overwhelmed the pre-existing drainage.

And then when it all finally flowed back out,

it left it completely altered landscape.

Was the water, would the water have been sheet flooding over all of that?

Because it kind of all looks torn out.

Well, it could have been.

Yeah, at one point it could have been.

It was definitely sheet flooding to the north of the lakes.

Because remember, drumlins only form under the ice.

Remember, got that?

Drumlins only form under the ice.

Why is that?

Well, because for the water to sculpt the ground mass,

the pulverized tail under the glaciers,

which can be dozens to hundreds of feet thick,

that water has to be under pressure.

And it's the special properties of the aerodynamic properties,

actually fluvial dynamical properties,

of the subglacial water flows when they're under pressure.

Put those water flows under pressure.

And now what they do is they start shaping.

And especially, remember, under the glaciers,

you've got this pulverized tail, which forms the mooring.

You know, the terminal mooring, the lateral mooring,

the recessional mooring, all the different manifestations of mooring,

but they're all composed of glacial tail.

Tail is the stuff that the glaciers produce

is when it comes in there and grinds over the landscape,

pulverizing the landscape.

So this tail forms thick layers beneath the ice sheet.

Now, push a high pressure subglacial flood through there.

Right? What that flood does now is it starts...

It does two things.

It starts eroding upward into the bottom of the glacier,

and it starts eroding downward into the thick layers of glacial tail.

And interestingly, the pattern you see in the ceiling of this now subglacial tunnel

with all of this gushing water current,

catastrophically flowing through it,

what you see on the ceiling, almost mimics what you're seeing on the floor.

And on the floor, what it's doing is it's taking these glacial tail

and it's sculpting it into these aerodynamic shapes.

So think about a boat hull.

When you're a boat, a boat hull is designed to minimize the frictional drag

on the hull of the boat as that water boat is moving through the water.

Well, the reverse of that is if water is flowing against an obstruction

or an obstacle, depending on how coherent or cohesive the material is,

if it's not very cohesive, that water is going to immediately start shaping it.

And what does it do?

It's trying to minimize the frictional drag, the shear forces that occur

between the movement of the water against the obstruction.

So what it does is it tries to shape any obstruction to its flow

into a geometry that will provide the least resistance to the flow,

which is going to be this aerodynamic shaping.

So when that happens, but once the water issues beyond the edge of the glacier,

it's now it's got a free surface.

So it can adjust its depth to whatever it needs to be to try to reach equilibrium

with the atmosphere, which it's not allowed to do when it's under the glacier.

So what happened here is that the water is gushing subglacially under the ice sheet

whose terminus was the north ends of the lake, the lakes.

And when that ice, when that subglacial water under really intense pressure,

discharges from out of that ice sheet.

It now has a free surface, but it's rushing out and forms these channels

here, backwashing up into the aligainies until it reaches some,

I don't know yet, at what elevation above sea level.

But then at some point, that water will then reverse flow,

and it'll flow back out into the lake Ontario,

and then it'll flow north east right up through the St. Lawrence Seaway

and ultimately flow back out to the north Atlantic.

So if I zoom out here now, you're going to see here's the north end

and a picture of the ice sheet is right down here.

Now we're going to go up under, we're going to go into the dome.

I was picturing, you know, or I was picturing it, the 90, the number 90.

If you look at the other layer, it looks like that 90 kind of traverses the bottom,

like the the moreane, the terminal moreane.

I'm not seeing what you're looking at.

If you go to the other layer just for a sec,

and then we'll get back to what you're going to show us with this one.

But go to the other layer on the satellite view.

Yeah, so I, I almost, and if you zoom out a little bit.

Oh, interstate 90.

Yeah, 90.

If you zoom out a little bit.

Okay.

Just a little bit.

It looks like you can see that the terminal moreane underneath 90,

like around where 90 is kind of like how in the scablands.

You see that real obvious one, but this one doesn't seem so obvious.

Well, yeah.

So it might show up pretty, I don't have Google Earth open,

but it probably shows up better in Google Earth.

Yeah, maybe, yeah.

Especially if you go to, you know, 3D exaggeration,

which Google will let you do.

It'll, you know, it'll, you can go double or triple or whatever.

I usually just go double, but what that does is help you visualize differentiation

within the terrain itself.

Well, that's, yeah.

Yeah.

But, yeah.

So basically, you'll notice again, look at the radial pattern.

If I go back now to the, to the digital and you go up to the drumlands warms,

notice the orientation here.

So the eastern drumlands are oriented to the northwest.

See that?

Yeah.

And now as I come over here, we see that they're now oriented almost north-south.

And then if I keep going, they're oriented.

Yeah.

And if you follow that trajectory, the convergence point just so happens to be

the same convergence point as the lakes.

Which just so happens to be the deepest part of lake.

Which just so happens to be the deepest part of the lake.

Which just so happens to have this really weird pattern of erosion that almost looks like

a drumlin-like, but long skinny.

I mean, look at that.

This is definitely...

Not just from like the material, the ice and everything getting sort of hammered into the ground.

I think that this is, you know, if this was the impact, unimpact site.

Like look here.

Impressing all that ice, drumming it into the ground, right?

Yeah.

And you would have...

Well, okay.

So the bowlight hits.

It fractures the ice instantly.

But then it does two other things.

It melts a whole lot of water.

And of course, the greatest...

And this will be fun to use your new toy with.

Because you have a program so it gives you the temperatures at the point of impact.

I don't know if it does, but I can find out.

That would be a cool thing to know.

Harder than I can add it, easy enough.

Because...

Because then from that we could calculate how much...

Like at what radius would the ice be vaporized?

What radius would it be?

Liquidized?

What radius would the radio fracture patterns extend outwards?

See, that would be really great stuff to know.

Because then we can reconstruct an event like this.

But what's the material underneath that lake?

That looks like almost creases.

Like something's been smooshed up.

Like if the impact happened, is there a chance that it would just smoosh that bottom of the lake up like that?

No, I know.

I think what we're seeing here is that...

There's probably thick layers of glacial material sediment on the floor of the lake.

And this is showing us a direction of water flow.

So I'm looking here...

Because it seems to go down, yeah, like that.

I got some studies to do here as far as elevations.

But look at this.

You've got this terracing almost, you see in here?

And then I'm thinking that maybe the impact would have been right here.

It looks like it, right there.

Yeah, and then you would have had this huge rush of water to the southwest.

Because you're still under ice, right?

Except that the ice has been fractured.

And then you would have water flowing out.

And, right, so like take this finger lake and draw the line up.

And boom, you're right here.

Because there's got to be...

I wonder if I can find a data set that...

There's got to be calculations on what sort of impacts do to ice somewhere.

I got to be able to find that somewhere.

Because what I could do for you is add in the ice sheet layer first,

and then I'll add in temperatures to each of those rings.

Yeah, I'm just pulling that from like all the theoretical numbers

that the scientists have agreed on.

You know, I'm just downloading their data and uploading them.

Yeah, yeah.

So if you could point me in the direction of the data sets that you're interested in

and what you want to see, I'm pretty sure I could make it all happen for you.

Okay.

There's not much.

There's a few things, but there's not much.

I've looked and I've looked again.

And it's your variance is maybe the size of the asteroid.

Is that what it's only going to be related to size and angle of impact?

Well, it's going to be...

The primary parameters are going to be size, velocity of impact,

and composition of the impactor.

And to a lesser extent, the angle of approach obviously is going to be important.

But I think the most important thing, because you might have...

An impactor can range from less than a gram per cubic centimeter up to four or five grams per cube.

And I and asteroid compared to a piece of a common nucleus, that's a huge difference.

Yeah.

What I said I'm with with this one is I just sort of...

I had to take the most average asteroid compositions that we know about.

Right.

And that's...

And that, I mean, that's appropriate and suitable for what you're doing with it.

So speed makes a big difference, too, because I could maybe look at adding that in there.

Yeah, velocity definitely makes it...

Yeah, obviously the faster it goes, the more kinetic punch it's going to have.

Is there a point out which it becomes like...

Standardized?

Yeah.

Becomes what?

I'd like where...

Just a speed where like, you know, if it goes faster, it doesn't matter anymore.

Is there like a terminal velocity?

No, I think...

No, there's not...

As long as it keeps going faster, it's going to keep having more potential energy the faster it goes.

And that whenever to encounter something,

that potential energy is going to be instantly released.

Because I was thinking there'd be something that, opposite of terminal velocity,

but something where the atmosphere slows it down to a certain point,

where they all come to a certain slow, like slower rate of speed.

Well, that does happen.

Absolutely that happens.

That depends on the size, pretty much, more than anything.

I mean, the density, of course too.

I mean, because an iron asteroid that's a hundred feet in diameter,

is going to hit the ground.

Oh, that's a mystery, yeah.

An object like Tenguska that's a hundred feet in diameter,

it hits the atmosphere and it does an airburst, you know.

But...

Is the objectia, if you're in that airburst zone, but better for everybody else?

Well, the radius of destruction for an airburst is greater than the ground,

because the ground impact absorbs a lot of the energy.

And then, of course, with the aerial detonation,

there's nothing to absorb the energy except the atmosphere.

And so, the radius of destruction is greater.

But then you wouldn't have, like, the...

You wouldn't have as much stuff tossed out to block out the sun and stuff like that.

That's right.

So the aftermath of it would be probably better.

So it's like, because Tenguska happened and half the plant didn't even know about it.

Whereas if that should hit the ground,

you know, like everybody would have been pretty aware that something went down.

Here's a good comparison.

Tenguska, actually, I think the closest estimate is about a hundred and fifty feet in diameter.

Right?

The iron asteroid that struck Arizona by Winslow and gouged out that crater.

It was about the same size.

The difference was iron asteroid,

and probably a piece of a comet could have been a piece of the comet, Enki,

which is part of the Torrid stream.

And Tenguska was...

So for Tenguska, everything in that blast zone is fucked.

But if you're outside it, you might not be.

Where is that Phoenix one?

It's a small crater.

I think it's only a mile across or something like that.

But would that have blacked out all of Arizona for a little while?

How much particulate would that have tossed up into the air?

Then how quickly does that sort of disperse?

Or does it hang out for a while?

Well, would that have been like...

To try to answer that question,

I would like compare it to the amount of particulate matter injected into the air

in the wake of the eruption of Mount St. Helens.

And it would probably be no more than that on that side,

because the air is on a crater about a kilometer across and 600 feet deep.

So you could calculate the volume of material.

And a lot of it is in the debris apron that spreads around the actual crater hole itself.

But yeah, there were a lot of stuff thrown in the atmosphere, no doubt.

And yeah, you would have probably been seeing that stuff hundreds and hundreds of miles away.

And in fact, you could probably look at a radius of 20 to 30 miles,

anything within that radius probably didn't survive.

The blast pressure would have been severe out to 20 or 30 miles from the point of impact.

Just like it was at Tunguska.

I mean, so there was about 200 square miles directly under the epicenter of the blast

that were pretty much just incinerated.

Not much there at all anymore.

Then you get outside that, that zone.

And that's where you have the old grotiega forests that have been knocked down.

About 80 some million trees.

And it's all in a radio.

Imagine you've got the forest.

Let's see here.

Okay, you've got the forest.

All these trees there.

The explosion occurs up in the atmosphere.

That blast wave comes down along with the fireball.

It incinerates everything.

But the blast wave then does this.

And then goes outward radially from that point.

And that's where all the trees get blown down.

And the radius of that destruction was about, it varies because it wasn't a circle.

It was a butterfly pattern.

But the radius of that right around between 15 and 25 miles from the epicenter.

About total 800 square miles of forest blown down.

And about 200 miles just incinerated.

But yeah, a lot of the trees that got blown down, particularly closer to the epicenter,

had scorched sides on them that would have been facing the epicenter.

Would the thermal radius, so there would have been trees that were even still standing outside of the ones that were blown out that got incinerated?

Yes, and in fact, the pressure wave, the blast wave coming down,

there are actually a ring of trees that survived.

But all of their, because they were directly, they were directly parallel to the blast wave.

And what the blast wave did was you sheared off all of their branches.

So they're just naked.

Single stocks and that formed a ring.

And just outside that ring is where everything is split over, see?

I have a stupid question.

Why does it, why does it detonate in the air?

Well, it's actually causing it to not make it to the earth.

Is it on the angle, is it on such an angle that it's going to miss the earth or is it, uh...

No, no, no, well, because, you know, air is a fluid.

I mean, you've ever done a belly flop?

Yeah.

Well, okay.

So why did you have a belly flop?

It was because the water wasn't getting out of the way in time, was it?

Right.

The water was not getting out of the way of your belly in time.

Now, imagine that your belly is a bowline.

Okay.

So, you know, think of the difference when you, when you take a beautiful dive in and you just, you know,

you're right, you're, you're, you're basically parallel to the water column.

Yeah.

You slide right in.

You come down to the belly flop boom, that water can't get out of the way, the air can't get...

That thing is coming in at what?

Between 10 and 20 miles a second.

Okay.

Now, you got eight miles of atmosphere.

So think of that.

It's traversed the entire depth of the atmosphere, right?

Uh, in a matter of a second or two.

But what's happening is because the atmosphere can't even...

Think of it this way, the atmosphere can't get out of the way fast enough.

So it just starts piling up.

It starts compressing in front of it, right?

And then it gets at some point where the atmospheric pressure gets, um, how many G's?

I don't know, but a lot.

I mean, just like when you shoot a rocket off and those astronauts are sitting up there in that nose cone,

they're subjected to tremendous amounts of pressure.

That pressure is a function of the velocity.

In the case of an incoming projectile, that pressure is going to be a function of two, primarily the velocity.

But then the point at which it, finally, the atmospheric pressure,

it's literally like hitting an, you know, a brick wall.

And in the simulations of an, uh, an incoming bowline,

when it does that, it compresses the atmosphere.

At some point, the pressure is greater than the molecular cohesion of the object.

And it literally just sort of explodes by turning inside out.

So the type of the material would make a big difference in that.

Makes a big huge difference.

And that was the difference between an iron asteroid near a zone.

It hits the ground and digs a big hole to Anguska, which is about the same size.

It, it couldn't penetrate all the way through the atmosphere.

Now, obviously low density, it has to be bigger.

But eventually you can get to a size that's big enough.

Yeah, it's going to penetrate the atmosphere for sure.

You know, a half a mile comet nucleus made out of ice,

is going to penetrate the atmosphere and hit the ground.

Although it may fracture by the time it hits the ground,

it may have begun disaggregating, you see what I mean?

I mean, there's a lot we still got to learn yet about the cosmic environment

and all of its denizens that we couldn't potentially encounter.

Because there's a wide variety of beasts out there.

Cosmic beasts are squished flat before the blast even

because you got to think of the pressure between,

if it can compress the atmosphere enough to make enough pressure to blow up a giant rock,

that the, the amount of pressure that would be built up between say,

if I'm standing underneath it and the planet would have already squished me flat

before it even blows.

All right, well, yeah, but again, the time frame is so short.

It's just like, yeah, it's almost instantaneous, right?

You never hear the bang.

So Tunguska's estimated five miles up in the atmosphere.

If it's moving 15 miles per second, then it's a third of a second.

It's going to have penetrated the whole atmosphere.

I mean, that's how fast it, but of course, it's not moving it because immediately

as it's coming into the lower atmosphere, the density of the atmosphere is increasing naturally

because, you know, what is it?

14 whatever pounds per square inch atmospheric pressure at sea level.

Well, what do you do when you get up five miles up?

Eight to eight miles up.

I think it's pretty much zero.

So you go from zero to 14 points, something miles a pounds per square inch.

But what's happening is that so that the atmospheric pressure column is increasing

as this object is coming in.

But again, if it's moving at 15 miles per second or 10 miles per second,

what is it?

It takes a half a second to penetrate the entire area.

So the whole thing happens so fast.

I mean, that pressure builds up.

It's almost instantaneous.

You know, and so you might see the thing while it's farther out

before it really descends into the lower atmosphere.

But then if it's coming in at an angle, once it hits about eight to two,

well, remember Celia Bensk over Siberia in 2000, February 2013,

that exploded.

I think it was around 15 or 16 miles up in the atmosphere.

So it was probably not a very dense object.

It was probably a low density object similar to 10 gusk.

It was smaller.

It was probably not.

And also, if it's a rubble pile object, which can be astroidal or cometary,

instead of a single well consolidated like rock,

you might have a bundle of stuff that's gravitationally co-heared together.

It's been traveling around in space together as an accreted clump.

But once it starts penetrating the atmosphere, all those pieces come apart.

And now what would have been maybe like a single, you know,

rifle bullet now becomes like a shotgun.

Yeah, yeah.

Which is more dangerous.

Well, you certainly have a bigger target radius with the shotgun.

Because it's like, my shotgun is dangerous.

More dangerous, say, out to 50 yards.

But after that, the rifle becomes more dangerous.

Uh-huh.

Yeah, that makes sense.

That same sort of idea where you're better,

if the shotgun's better, the rifle, or the shotgun's better if you're not right there.

Speaking of bullets, have you seen all these ones lately in the news?

Randall people are arguing over whether it's like from, you know,

the, the leftover from three eye atlas or the new meteor,

the meteor stream.

What do they call that?

The neareds or something?

Or there, there's another one that people are arguing over.

Have you seen them all on?

No, I certainly know that there have been a lot of bow lights lately.

Yeah.

Of course, that's a crazy amount.

Yeah.

Well, that's because I started talking about it again.

I had done.

But I don't know if it's, if it's just like all this stuff's going viral and they're showing us all of it now,

or if it's actually, you know, increased in, in frequency as well.

You know, it's hard to know what's, what's really happening here.

Well, I've been tracking it for a while now.

And I've pretty much concluded that the delivery of this stuff into earth crossing orbits is definitely clustered.

Okay.

You have periods where it gets pretty sparse and then you'll have a cluster of things.

A short moment.

We have a cluster right now.

I would say yes.

I would.

Is that a separate cluster from the like annual clusters?

We see the total of them, everyone.

Yeah.

It's like a bigger cycle outside of that cycle.

Yeah.

So, see, let's see.

What is today?

When Friday?

So about Tuesday, I'm not going to read the whole thing.

I'm just going to read you a little bit.

I started writing something and just gives a little background here.

And this is what I wrote for publication in the next few days.

Starting in the 1980s, after the 1980 publication of three independent scientific papers,

all making the case that the extinction of the dinosaurs was the result of a hypervelocity impact

of an asteroid or a comet approximately 66 million years ago.

I embarked on a project to track present day celestial activity in the near earth environment.

As the years passed and our ability to discover and track objects moving through our cosmic neighborhood is improved,

the realization has been growing that we are far more vulnerable than we had previously imagined

to a disaster triggered by encounters with these denizens of the deep.

For at least a decade after these initial 1980 publications,

the scientific community of the time thoroughly beholden to the doctrine of uniformitarianism

fiercely resisted the potential breach of the gradualist edifice that has dominated

thinking about Earth's history for at least a century.

Where is the smoking gun the critics demanded to know?

Without a crater, we will not accept this thesis of cosmic catastrophe.

That became their default position.

Well, the crater was discovered in the early 1990s hiding under the Yucatan Peninsula

through the work of geophysicists Glen Penfield, Al and Hildebrand, and Antonio Carmoga.

Forcing a lot of scientists, especially geologists and paleontologists, to rethink their opinions on the matter,

in the ensuing roughly 40 years there have been hundreds of close calls and incursions

into near-earth space by a variety of cosmic objects.

Some of these close encounters have been dangerously close, either in space or in timing or both.

And I will stop there, but that's the blog post I'm writing right now.

About the situation, and I'm going to be looking at some of these potential close encounters

that we've had in the last few decades.

Or even a couple of weeks I'm thinking.

There was even one over Calgary where Darren is, and I mean that's the shotgun blast it looked like to me

where it was breaking up in New York.

But some of them that I've been seeing online are doing, it looks like 90 degree turns and stuff.

It's getting a little sketchy.

Yeah, 90 degree turns.

Well, but they can't do that.

See, the thing is, is that, you know, it's one thing if you have a perfectly spherical object coming in,

that's composed of some distorted object, you know, that might have a, you know,

say the shape of a potato.

Yeah, and by the time it gets down low enough, it's going to be changing shapes the whole way through.

Becoming as beautiful as spherical as possible or whatever.

That's right.

Right.

And it's going to also be deflected.

Right.

Because it's passing through the atmosphere is far more frictional than if it was like a perfectly smooth sphere.

Right.

Perfectly round.

Exactly.

That's fascinating.

It is, isn't it?

So, back to the finger lakes, I think that what we're doing, I think we can say confidently that landscape,

those landforms were sculpted by catastrophic water flows.

Was though, were there a cause of those catastrophic water flows, a bow light impact?

Well, I can't say for sure.

We don't have proof.

However, we have some microscopic evidence, like in the case of St. Gene, that would certainly tie the fallout from an impact event.

But not, not an impact event into Ontario, but an impact that would have literally excavated a hole in the ice and created the basin that's now occupied by Lake St. Gene.

And if you go over and you look at, if you look at Lake St. Gene impact and you line it up with the lake Ontario impact, is that start making a line towards where impacts are out west?

Like do you think this was sort of just like a barrage of this thing that sort of hit all of Canada at once?

I think that that's the first scenario I would explore as the scenario that seems to fit the greatest amount of evidence, which is that you had a clustered bombardment of anywhere from half a dozen to a dozen,

major pieces of a fragmented object along with probably dozens and dozens of much smaller pieces.

But the main pieces then would have, I think, left very telltale signs at their points of impact.

Now, here's the thing.

But an event that if it was a multi impact event, if it's a multi impact event, we could potentially have impacts into the ice sheet, of course, impacts into a non-glaciated area and impacts into the ocean.

We differentiate between those effects. This is where it gets really sticky and it's going to take a lot of research to sort this out, because we probably had all three.

But it would have been one hemisphere at a time.

Yes.

It's going to be coming from say that direction.

So those like drumlands in West Africa would be a different event than what's happening.

Well, hold on now. Hold on. Here's the thing. You might have a stream that's a clump, a cluster could be a million miles long.

So the earth is passing through it. If it doesn't pass completely through the stream within 12 hours, you see it's going to, you're going to get a full hemispheric exposure to the incoming bolides.

And it's so big that it's the upper and lower hemispheres don't matter.

Probably not. Now what's interesting is if we look at the pattern of extinctions, and I think extinctions, loss of species can be a yardstick because loss of species is going to be directly a function of loss of habitat.

Right. You lose habitat. Now, obviously, in a bowlight impact, you're going to have mass immediate extinction within a certain limit. And that's what your program will calculate.

You know, the overpressures, like how quickly did those overpressures drop in the distance from the impact and so on.

But the point is you're going to have the, you're going to have fatalities that fall into two categories. You're going to have the instantaneous fatalities.

Then you're going to have the aftermath, which could actually be months afterwards. Right. Because if you destroy the food chain, and it isn't.

Yeah. Yeah. It could be a year. If you collapse the crops, you don't notice to the. Yes. Yes. And if you've got atmospheric injection of a lot of dust and soot.

And that basically wipes out the whole growing season. So in the aftermath of an event like that, you know, now you got famine and starvation.

Now, if it's, if it's in an ocean. Now, see, here's the thing. You're going to find there's, there's been a steady rise in modeling and studies of what happens when a bowlight hits the ocean.

Which to me can help us to understand what happens when a bowlight hits the an ice sheet. Now, there's going to be differences. Obviously. Right.

It wouldn't be like halfway in between something like that or.

Yeah. See, well, in the case you turn in the ice into water. So there's that sort of thing happened at the same time as if it can do it fast enough to before it actually.

Oh, yeah. I mean, again, the size and the velocity is going to determine the kinds of, I mean, we're talking about temperatures. It could be three and four thousand degrees centigrade.

So you're going to have instantly conversion of ice directly into vapor. And that vapor is going to be shot out in all directions under high pressure.

And it'll probably begin to circulate and it'll take weeks for all of that water vapor to to rain out.

Then outside that whatever point that the temperature drops down to where you're.

It's hot enough to melt, which it's melt the ice, but not to vaporize the water. You're going to have the production of melt water.

And then finally, you're going to have just like if you a bowlight into bedrock fractures the bedrock.

And if you can look at radio shatter ground shatter patterns like at where bow lights have struck bedrock.

Just like throwing a rocket your windshield you some kid throws a rocket your windshield while you're in shopping a Walmart and you come out and you see that on your window.

You're going to look and you're going to be able to pinpoint exactly where the rock hit the windshield, aren't you?

But then radio pattern from that will be the fracture lines and the bigger the rock, the faster the rock, the bigger the damaged area is going to be same thing with a bowlight impact.

But now bowlight impact into ice what's it going to do? Well, at some distance once it's cooled off enough that you it's not vaporizing anymore and it's not melting anymore.

You're almost going to have seismic shocks passing through the ice that would fracture the ice for who knows tens maybe even a hundred or a couple hundred miles out from the impact site.

Now what that's going to do is it's going to allow immediate and instantaneous ingress of all that melt water immediately to the bottom of the ice sheet.

And I think that is where the subglacial floods originate that are creating the drumland swarms.

Would there have been because the prop would there is there subglacial flooding?

Is there any sort of subglacial flood channels without impact?

Yeah, it has to melt it as soon as it starts melting from whatever it's going to start underneath right?

Yeah, thermal spots that would would maybe heat the ground enough.

But if you have a mile ice on something and I could just can't see how it ends up liquid water without an impact without something slowly slowly slowly.

I mean, if it's if it's like is it melting bottom up bottom up bottom up?

Yeah, okay, we have an analog that can give us insight because we started the planets are coming out of the little ice age between about 181850.

During the little ice age glaciers around the world swelled to the largest they had been since the end of the great ice age, right?

You would have to go back 10,000 years to where the glaciers were about the size that they swelled to during the little ice age.

So you had two faces of the little ice age 1314 to 1500's and you had a little break and then the 171800's and then it came to an end.

So if I've been ready for this like I could show you aerial photographs where you can see mountain glaciers receded well up the valley and then at the bottom of the valley you see very clearly the morning.

And that was the little ice age morning and the little ice age came on the heels of the medieval warming period and during the medieval warming period the glaciers shrank back at least as far as they are now right then with this rapid return to cold into 1300's the glaciers begin growing.

Okay so now when they begin melting again in the 1800's and late 1800's we begin to see what happened when like subglacial streams coming out from the snout of a glacier for example got much more vigorous as the ice is receding that would make sense when the ice is expanding there's less ice melting there's less meltwater when the ice is receding there's more meltwater right.

So we can see that there is an increase in melting now when you have let's say when you have trunk valleys coming into a main river valley and that river valley is choked with ice there we go perfect good look at look at that okay yeah look at now see that that glacier has yeah that's in the Swiss Alps that look at the so you see the outwash plane down here and wait where it says 1989 more.

So there is the more in from and in fact look it up here little ice age maximum so you see this up here this is this is lateral more in this flanked up against this hill right this mountain so it's going up to the lie a maximum sort of that's the little ice age little ice age maximum yeah so you can see that's how thick the ice was like in 1800's.

Right and it started melting back so as it melted back it created much more vigorous meltwater streams now imagine that this mount that this glacier is melting back and it's a tributary valley and the main valley there's still a big old glacier that might be three times or four times as massive as this valley glacier right what happens is the valley glaciers receding the fastest converts to meltwater.

And that meltwater forms a pool or a lake and the dam of that lake is the bigger glacier well at some point there's a threshold that's crossed the volume of meltwater gets great enough the ice the glacier gets small enough that now it can no longer withstand the pressure of that rising reservoir of meltwater the meltwater breaks through and floods and creates a.

catastrophic flood in Iceland called a yoke a lot now those catastrophic floods of course are minuscule compared to the floods that we've been seeing out in the scablands but it's just a matter of scale yeah so what i'm getting at then is what we see it with those glaciers as they're receding as they're disappearing as they're melting.

The margin is is moving backwards see you can see it you know you go up one year and then you go back a few years later the margins moved up and moved up and moved up.

When we look at the Laurentide the big ice sheet or the Cordy Aaron at the end of the last ice age it's not really behaving like that in fact what we see is that it looks like rather than just.

Marginal recession which which there was but there was also what appears to be point centers of melting and how do we do that how do we determine those points as we study the landscape under the what have been under the glaciers.

Drumlands I think are the key.

Right yeah is that we're so are we going to see some of that finger lakes if we get back to like our trip coming up we're going to tour around we're going to we're going to be we'll be visiting one of the most magnificent drumland swarms on earth nice.

And we might go and climb hill you know now I'm not a Mormon but I'm very interested in the whole the original visions that led to Mormonism there's some interesting stuff there that kind of parallels a lot of the stories about Marinette you know visions and encounters with angelic beings are all of this so I don't discount that but you know I've been there up there to Joseph Smith.

It's birthplace and there were three locations of the apparition of Maroni the angel I think it was Maroni all three of McCorn according to the count and where he was given the supposedly given the the golden tablets was if memory serves me properly it was on the top of Mount Cumora Hill Cumora which is a drumland and you can go climb to drumland and it gives you kind of a good.

Overview you know you're still at ground level so I guess we're going to need to take everybody up in airplanes. Is that included in the in the cost of a ticket that will be extra Ariel overflights Ariel overflights are extra but it wouldn't be the first time somebody lined it up on a trip I mean Timmy's coming to New York I think so he might book a plane.

We're holding tablets and visions are extra as well I mean that kind of I had an odd question I mean I don't know if I should ask I'm pretty sure we must have asked you this before but you know Hunter Biden has the finger legs tattooed on his back.

Do you know that no I didn't know that yes he had I was wondering if there's any occult significance or something I thought you might know that of why he's why he's got well where's he from originally.

Oh that's a good question you know I would guess maybe his his family vacation there when he was a kid that's what I would that's what I was kind of be my first it's nothing like more occult or secret that right right now run by here roundable we got it well I got it open we don't really talk about this so much because we're usually focused on the Americas but when you start looking over here at Saudi Arabian Israel.

Like over here coming through Rehad which looks like clear washing.

Oh yeah yeah cause you've got this whole area down here by the United Arab Emirates that looks the same way and then you have all this wash through North Africa that's about this way yeah out into the Atlantic ocean.

Right well I think that's the imprint of an extremely intense pluvial period over North Africa.

In the Middle East and there's pretty good multiple independent lines of evidence at all point to the same thing that there have been times when there was extreme rainfall and flooding over over Africa.

Yeah you're right Randall they did supposedly they they they vacations near there.

Uh-huh yeah can you go county us walk a wasco lake.

Uh-huh yeah yeah okay that's what I would that's exactly what I would guess.

Where do you mind is zoom in?

Yeah zoom in go there on uh Yemen.

Yeah scroll around the Yemen which is right there yeah yeah now zoom in and pan down a bit.

Are these mountains?

Yes.

Oh so it does really look like it's coming down out of those mountains.

Well now pan up.

I want to get you to keep going up up and to the east okay keep going keep going keep going keep going and now zoom in.

Oh wow.

Uh-huh.

Those are all drummers.

No but not are those aren't drummers those are some mouse right chevrons?

No they're current ripples current ripples.

Now are they created by wind or sand?

Well I think they're both I think I'm sorry wind or sand wind or water.

Wind or water?

I think they're originally sculpted by water and now the desert sand is regularly blowing over them.

You know the wind is now but originally and then go up to the upper right that upper corner look at the changing direction.

Right here?

Yeah look at that zoom in on that now yeah now you've got what looks like.

The formation of chevrons zoom in right there right here.

Yeah zoom in right there where you're at okay now pan to the right.

Keep going all right so here we're getting to the to the chevron life keep going and you'll see that they're kind of forming.

Yeah almost chevron like um.

So then zoom out and you can trace those ripples right on up over there we go look at look it up here.

Yeah.

Into the Mediterranean no that's the Persian Gulf Persian Gulf yep.

And I might now this of course is outrageous speculation but I might speculate that that was the waters that creed that spawned a legend of Noah's flood.

And that that that you had a huge tsunami train that came up from the Indian Ocean and then it got focused.

So it got focused in the year yes and into here yes and it probably washed up through the Rift Valley and then washed up and if it probably if you zoom in up there by Q8.

And now pan down now I don't know if you if you're reading I think you're you're reading elevation above sea level down on your lower right.

Yeah you're 5559 meters.

Okay so you might have had a tsunami that could have easily been hundreds of feet high sweeping over this if you had a bullied impact into the Indian Ocean.

And this way it's sort of all heading into Egypt too which could explain why a bunch of that shit is buried.

Yeah.

Yeah well there's a lot to be unpacked in this region for sure.

Because then that wave would be sort of coming this way right out of the bottom here.

Yes and go go down to Madagascar.

Okay now zoom in on the south west of Madagascar.

Okay keep going now pan over which ran over to the right sorry pan over to the no the other I'm sorry that pan east.

There we go okay keep going keep going.

Okay let's see stop zoom in go down along the coastline along there about yeah okay now go over to the coastline to the west go to the west west west.

Okay now zoom in right there.

Well look at those these things.

Yeah okay yeah that tsunami waves deposits that have washed ashore and if you pan to the northeast you see that white colored sand those zoom in on that.

Okay that is tsunami over wash right there that's 94 meters above sea level.

Okay so that tells you that the wave was up there that level.

Now do you see this dark line that goes northwest to southeast if that's in a scar.

Yeah follow that up keep going there yeah you're following that right that's that whole thing is in a scar.

Now hover over the top of that and tell me the elevation above sea level 157 on the high side.

157 meters.

150 160 meters.

Okay well it's actually the opposite of you want down inside the department.

I want both so go up a little bit back from the upside of the escarpment which is the north east.

This way just stop right there now zoom zoom in and now okay so now what I want you to do is pan to the west.

Okay now okay so you see those lobes there.

Each one of those lobes represents like a successive wave string coming in.

So you've got the the furthest one up will be the first wave that arrives.

It'll flow back out and then it'll be followed by a second wave coming up that won't have quite the energy so it won't move as far inland.

Now yeah look at this so so look at this point here you can see some amazing chevrons.

And here's what's incredible.

If you go back down to the escarpment go back down down.

Okay keep going down a little bit further to the.

Okay so right in there okay so now hover over the lower side of the escarpment and tell me what the.

The lower starts around 145 meters.

Okay 145 and then go to the upper side.

175.

Once it should be 175.

180 keep going a little further away from the escarpment.

188.

Okay so it's getting higher as we go that way.

Right now what I want to do is come back up follow that escarpment up because this escarpment is is key.

You'll see that what happens is two things zoom out now.

And you will see that some of this deposits is on the lower side of the escarpment and some of it is on the upper side of it.

Yeah down here is 130 40 meters and over here is 193 so 50 meters so about 150 feet higher.

Yeah so at this point the wave had to be high enough that it washed right over the top of the escarpment.

And in fact if you pull out and you go right up to the tippy of the tippy top right up there of the chevron what's your elevation.

121 there.

So it went downhill a little it was that one.

Yeah and then it looks like there's a hill there back here the highest point here looks like it's almost 200 right around here.

197 meters here.

So yeah call it 200 and then at the lower side like go up to the left up there where you've got that real clear.

Now go down a little bit away from the escarpment tell me what okay what is it right in there.

105 meters.

105 and the other one so you're getting close to 100 meters difference almost 100 meters difference.

Yeah so that wave had to be big enough that it overtopped this escarpment here.

And it was already we said it was what what was it the elevation the lower one.

It's already 100 meters above sea level 120 so 400 feet above sea level already got it.

See that's yeah now we're getting a sense of the scale of this wave that washed ashore here now.

Based on these these deposits these deposits.

Those have runs to yes these deposits can give us these source direction of the wave.

Yeah what I have been down here somewhere you look at the back azimuth it's called the back azimuth and it's down there and in fact that's what Dallas Abbott did and her colleagues.

And they went to the point and there is a crater on the floor of the Indian ocean called Berkel crater.

It's two miles down I forget the diameter of it but it's pretty big.

So it's right down you've kind of gone past it.

Go back put your cursor down a little further.

It's right in there somewhere.

Yeah yeah look at that close to the mid Atlantic Ridge.

Mid Atlantic Ridge no.

No no no I'm sorry that's at the mid one of my talking boy I'm in ozone.

That's a different Ridge that's a completely different Ridge boy I feel dumb now.

That's okay but you can see those are perfectly in line with that correct now I would.

Yeah because almost you can see where it came in over here and then came in here.

Yep and you can picture the sea wave the tsunami is coming north and where you see the land kind of is a V shape right the ocean basin is V shape there.

So what that's going to do is it's going to cause two things is that not only is the wave going to increase and height as the depth.

But as the constriction the confines of the coastline narrow it's also so by the time it makes landfall up there around the streets of hormones and Yemen and guitar that wave is probably a thousand feet high.

And you can see where it's all washed back out on this side too.

Crazy while we're not going there anytime soon.

No yeah there's the town of Watkins Glen okay good this Google maps are Google Earth this is Google Earth's okay let's see.

Oh there's all kinds of stuff we're going to be looking at down there but let's see rate let's see what rainbow falls click on that it should bring up a picture down there yeah let's look at some of these erosion patterns go yeah there that's a good one zoom in on that now.

In large it if you can't go full screen with that I mean you can begin to see how enchanting this place is and why Native Americans I think it was the Iroquois who inhabited this region told early settlers that there were little people that lived in these grotto's.

Well let me zoom in any more than that oh okay well all right well look at that's a good one now that's a good one yeah.

So the finger likes to basically be that but on a giant scale.

Pretty much yeah yeah are they deep.

Let's see what I've got yes they are.

In fact they're much deeper than they're they're way lower than sea level.

But they are filled with massive amounts of sediment which shouldn't be surprising so now what's interesting about this picture Graham.

Erosional patterns well yes let's get a little more specific than the little pot mini pod hole in the bottom yes that's not so little wow I mean it's it's seven or eight feet diameter yeah yeah okay and it's fairly deep.

And it was not created by the modern creek right that's the point you're looking right there look at the next one here this is.

Better be on my toes here I didn't know this is going to be because oh yeah there's another wow look at that yeah so this this whole grotto topography down here is all sculpted by these catastrophic flows.

And clearly when you have pot holes like this you know that this is water that's deep and turbulent enough that is creating vortices powerful vortices.

So don't go swimming there probably well now you can now you wouldn't want it yeah yeah is this the same idea is what we see at police falls yes exactly you you got it.

You're learning the language man yeah look at this.

There's there and seeing this look at that yeah and it's also the drummers to check this out Rochester basin.

How curious that all of this stuff.

Converges on the deepest part of this basin that has all of this a weird erosion on the bottom of it does it look like that thing was coming from.

Like that basin is kind of scoured out does that mean it was maybe coming from the south south west there and into that like.

You know a crater it's sort of scoured you know right well remember this was a couple of thousand feet of ice over this yeah.

And so the what's going to be that what's going to put the final.

It's going to be reaching on to this landscape is going to be the water flowing right because you know you you can bring in a the if if this if a bow light came in and struck here and it exploded.

Well generally when it explodes just like most craters around even though the project out comes in at say 45 degrees like you used and that's typically in the modeling of impact.

This is just use the default to 45 degrees but the explosion creates a round hole basically around crater.

Now if you get down to I think less than 30 degrees you start getting a lipticity to the impact crater.

So that could be not why the Carolina staff I forget what they're called now that that what's his name we had them on the show there's all those Carolina holes in them.

But those ones are all elongated so is that why we know they're ejecta not impacts.

Well I don't you you had.

What is it the Carolina base yeah you had tomorrow Tony's tomorrow.

We have on the dab was Dan guy right.

Davis.

No Davis.

No.

Yeah thank you.

Yeah thank you.

Yeah.

Chris Kittell.

Oh Chris Kittell.

Of course.

Yeah.

All right.

But I noticed in all of his instinct in all of his pictures none of them are perfect circles like we see in this.

No no no they're all eliminated.

So that's because they're ejectica they're all they're moving fairly slow compared to.

Yeah and I'm not I am fully accepted the ejecta hypothesis.

So you think in other words.

The idea there's up there near Saginaw Michigan is it.

Yeah.

In fact impact there yeah and those were ejecta from it and the ejecta was ice blocks.

Yeah.

That's Tony's Zamora's idea and I maybe I don't know.

I initially thought that they were.

You know because if you've got this that the what you have when you have a project out like Tunguska coming in.

At a high rate of velocity like that it creates a conical shock front.

And when that cone intersects a plane the cross section of that shock cone is elliptical.

So if you have unconsolidated material not hard bedrock but sandy coastal plane type material.

That shock front comes in at an angle and the lower the angle the greater the ellipticity.

And we know that yeah low angle impacts can produce elliptical craters.

Now if it's a more Tunguska like object where it's an atmospheric dent nation.

There is a compressed shock front and it's basically conical along the longitudinal axis of the of the cone.

And when that hits the ground right it's like a higher almost like you know.

If you've got high pressure and you're just blast.

Let's say nice smooth sand and then you just hit it with a blast of high pressure air.

It creates a blow out hole.

The blow out hole will be elongated and parallel to the flow of the air that created it.

And this first is more likely to make an elliptical.

That's what I would think but I don't know I don't have any final.

Although you know it was my studies of the Carolina Bayes that ultimately led us to the scablands.

And that's a whole other story in itself but I was figuring that okay.

If you go by the orientation of the Bayes in North and South Carolina they're pretty much oriented southeast to Northwest.

About 45 degrees.

So if you follow that trajectory I wasn't looking at the Bayes in Michigan there.

I was imagining a bowline coming in breaking up over the ice sheet.

This is about 19 mid to late 1980s and I'm looking at this and I had a map.

And I actually took and drew on the map.

Well where would a hypothetical trajectory be of this incoming bowline that created the Carolina Bayes?

Okay would it come right over the ice sheet?

Well let's see was there anything unusual that was been documented with respect to the ice sheet?

And then I remembered that I had read a book in 1980 where the author Cedric Leonard had a chapter called the catastrophe of 12,000 BC.

No the catastrophe of 10,000 BC.

And one of the things he talked about in there was the great flooding of the Channel Scabland.

And that was the first time I knew about the Scablands.

1980 or 79 when I read Cedric Leonard's book.

But at that point I go oh well there was this evidence of these big floods up in the Pacific Northwest.

Could that have had any connection with some kind of a celestial impact?

So that idea kind of got my crawl around 1988, 1989 right in there.

And it wasn't until a decade later that Bradley and I were actually able to go out there and explore the Scablands for the first time.

But in that interim that next 10 years I studied deeply into the Scabland.

I got read all of Brett's papers.

I read J.T. Parties papers on Lake Missoula and you know a bunch of other stuff Richard Wates paper where he's theorizing multiple floods.

Vic Baker's paper where he in 1973 where he calculated the hydraulics of this of the peak discharges and realize they were even bigger by far than breaths was speculating.

But yeah so then 1998 Bradley and I went out there and with a couple of buddies of ours and been back to how many have lost count how many times now we've.

I have a six just with us just we're doing that shell and trip with the sacred geometry a couple days in it.

But we're also going to drive falls for that. I mean in a lot of ways drive falls is sort of the crown jewel of all.

So we can look at you know water made it there's no truck of water anywhere near there.

There's no there's no everything else sort of still has some water around or a creek or river that they can say oh well that came from when that river was bigger.

So that but you go to drive falls here in the middle of the desert and there's this giant cataract there not cataract but well yeah yeah cataract.

It's a dry cataract but yeah it's a cataract and many times bigger than Niagara Falls.

So when was what was it like seeing that the first time seeing that for oh I was line boggling because I had been visualizing all of this stuff in my head for over 10 years.

You know picturing dry falls read the papers on it you know all of that looking at photographs and of course at that point there was no internet.

So I wasn't able to quickly go online but I spent a lot of time in the libraries.

You know I was able to go back and get Brett's original papers going back to the 1920s and the photographs they had in there you know parties original papers.

So yeah I've had this stuff in my mind for 10 years so when I finally got out there and I'm seeing it for the first time it's like oh well I mean I was like a kid.

You know because I can remember how excited I was when I was eight years old and I was going to go see journey to the center of the earth.

Now I've a visitor center people know you.

Yeah yeah so I'm yeah but I brought a lot of people out there hundreds hundreds that and a very cool community of people that are you know made this made our tours part of their their life lifestyle.

That's probably the best part of the tours is I know this community that that I mean the tagline is where community comes connect becomes connection and it sounds kind of corny.

But we sort of got that that weird thing that almost borders on a cult where everyone gets along so well that they come to the other tour and the other tours so it ends up being

telegram groups from scablands still going the the the a source telegram group is going strong.

Yeah that to me is really just a well of course you know I'm just so immersed into the geological story just to me it's so compelling and it's a story really that's whose time has come it needs to be told people need to know this stuff

because ever since the advent of global warming we're not supposed to look at natural events like this everything is our fault now see.

Yeah so if anything bad happens it's us but you know if you're if you are studying the kinds of things we study you go okay let's see there have been extreme climate changes

there have been giant catastrophes there have been forest fires have been huge floods say all of which we were the victims of not the perpetrators of.

Yep so here's some lidar stuff from yeah this is at the south end of kayuga and what this shows you here is how the valley or you know it's just you could take this water out

and you'd have this deep gash in the earth and then this is all sediment you could probably scoop this sediment out and you'd have still hundreds of feet deep but this is how much water has filled it but it's all this is just the extension of the trough occupied by by Lake Kayuga

and let's see oh and then I've got Lake Nippagon here this is interesting we're not going to get up to Nippagon but you know we've talked about that and we maybe look at that for 2027 maybe but yeah I think that Nippagon is a prime candidate for an impact site and here you can start to get into Canada by 2027 the way things are going.

Oh God yeah here you see Lake Nippagon and then there was a catastrophic outflow to the sound superior yeah you can disappear and look at this look at this whale tail of delta sediment that's been washed out is that the sleep in giant right there that must be almost by Thunder Bay it is by.

Yeah let's see do I have a picture of the let's see I may have a picture here the sleeping giant is down here by Ruby Lake Park might be that one right there in the middle this one or which one that one your pointer was just on yeah it might be that one this one yeah that one or the one right next to it well let's see

I forget which one it is not even look at because it really doesn't look that much like a giant I mean I remember being a kid and being supremely underwhelmed when there we go like we're going to see the sleep in giant I was super stoked and then I was like really well I don't know if I get up there I haven't been I I was up here as a kid actually my dad drove us up there when I was probably eight nine years old and I remember there was a one point and I think it was the going back here

let's see if I go back to this yeah here you go this is a black sturgeon right here which is very much like Moses Cooley it's a little bit smaller but it's basically a catastrophic flood trough that came down here

and I remember I'm pretty sure we went to the rim of that and I remember getting vertigo standing there looking into it but I was just a little kid

this might be set the sleeping giant right there should be it's unlike a pull off off the road it's not far from the Terry Foxing

aha okay so these are showing routes of meltwater so there's a sleeping giant there you go sleeping giant yeah I don't know I can't see a sleeping giant there don't you Graham

yeah it's a little more obvious from that angle aha yeah so Darren wasn't impressed huh

no well I was a giant I was a little kid well now maybe next summer we we go back to that and you'll be impressed maybe

yeah we can I mean that's beautiful country yeah look at so here here's the sleeping giant

now see look Darren you don't know I mean the giant fell asleep and then he got covered in in debris and forests and stuff

and one day he'll wake up and then he'll stand up and stretch and y'all and then you'll realize

well I was called judgment until then and they have some magnificent slot cannons

this is definitely evidence of catastrophic drainage from Lake Mnipagod right here look at this

the water at the bottom of that stills it's still river down there probably right well there probably I'm sure there's a creek at the bottom

so yeah let's see there's a ruby lake

look it's out the ruby lake occupies any elongated basin scoured by highly erosive floodwaters

ruby lake overlook I mean the thing about up there is almost everything looks like that

and you don't realize at the time right it's because all the stuff in between has been removed

correct and here you've got basalt this is not unlike some of the stuff we see in the scab lands

kilometer basalt and even as the wash out at the bottom of it even has the wall yep yep good observation

there Darren yeah then you have a lot of these kinds of things I think the main problem we are looking

at with the nipagod trip is there's just no place to there's no infrastructure yeah how's this for a

pothole devil's crater I mean here's your you know here's the pothole and here's the outwash channel

and yeah you can look at the here's the pothole and you can see the whole outwash channel this way that's

if you freeze off of that it'd be really apparent you can almost sort of see through them a little bit

yeah yeah and here like you said here's the wash up stuff here

and look at the canoe down that gives you sense of the scale looking at this canoe down here

so the lake is about 220 feet deep and the crater walls are about 220 feet high

making a full depth of the pothole about 440 feet

with a width of about 660 feet this has to be one of the supreme examples of vertical cavitation on earth

so there's your black sturgeon spillway and here you can see black sturgeon spillway on top

Moses Cooley on the bottom oh yeah look at that yeah scale to the same size so

Moses half the size it looks like right so you probably had about a hundred million cubic feet per second coming through here

oh there's a little bridge where you see that the stairs coming down on the left side

yeah I mean it's amazing how these catastrophic currents can just sculpt that out so perfectly

man I wonder how long they've been there for about I mean the thing about getting over to New York and stuff

is there's some real history there compared to oh yeah in here for 50 years

oh you know not quite that short but you really start to notice that the west is a lot newer

you don't have any of this stuff that's hundreds and hundreds of years old

right let's see what else we got

I mean you can you can get a sense I mean when you're there you really do get a sense of

yeah I can see how somebody would think this place was enchanted

yeah you'd never want to leave is that is that mostly state park around there

there's a lot of private property a lot of rich people I'm assuming

Watkins Glen is a state park and that's we're looking at Watkins Glen right here

these are the Glen's just like you have Glen's in in Ireland

here's one where you've got some major water flowing in the creek

man look at the difference eh once again I guess it's out there it's probably more dependent on rain

than melt just matters when it's raining correct although you know you get a lot of snowfall

so in spring you're gonna have spring yeah the spring melt it's gonna augment the flows

let's see what else we got here yeah and here I'm yeah look at this look at the

sculpting here you can see the vorticular sculpting oh yeah I mean it's an amazing place

look at that little slot back there with the water going through it really is something else

yeah doesn't look real well yeah that's

and here you see look at look at the you can see the effects you see you had multiple

vortices so the water was well up over the top of the grotto here

and within that water you know it's moving fast swift because you have to have a

high degree of energy and shear forces being generated against the channel walls

to create these vortex I mean these are literally like almost like underwater tornadoes

that's how you have to face it with the wind up in one right here there's probably one up

here then you get downstream you can see this rounding this is water vortex we need to

well I've been in them four five to six some of more over my head some of my could stand

out up in like up to my chest but it can also vary a lot you know depending like

you said on rainfall if it's later in the summer these things will shall allow a

lot we'll be there right at the tail end of summer so I think we're there is

going to be a nice time of year to be there it should be well the busy fall

because we're back to back we got beginning of September and then beginning of

October yeah I mean it's really magical when you're in this place and the sun is

filtering down through and you get these cool lighting effects and into water

I mean it really is it's one of the most magical places I've ever been

is that the whole area is that just Watkins Glanner is the whole sort of

oh this is just Watkins Glen I mean each of these big lakes has

has some of that that feature the south end of each of the lakes

yeah it's different we can go over and we can look at some of the other places

let's see this is a lower falls at Enfield Glen okay so yeah this is different

a different Glen and Watkins Glen yeah this was about looks like it's about

10 miles south of Ithaca okay I just followed that same channel down you can

sort of follow the channel down you can sort of guess where the features are

going to be when you can understand with landscapes looking like right

yep but this one's got that same sort of idea through there with I

mean it's not believable really that was a good popular one but we're there

during the week so it shouldn't be so busy yeah yeah actually I went there I

don't remember if we swam but I definitely went there that was some of the

native peoples there yeah I was able to get to that I mean really I just

went and followed this thing down then there's a buttermilk falls yeah check

let go of that your buttermilk is nice that's a nice slow cascading one

aha there's another one of them pools you're talking about yep look at that

there you got a pet pet is still rock yeah it's like chimney rock a little

many one exactly and it's yeah those that's a very typical you know out west

they're often called who do's but they're a typical byproduct catastrophic

flood erosion I guess the big difference is that chimney rock is so fucking

high up and it still looks like that it still looks like that right there's

another pod hole in a drainage it looks like yep so this is another spot I

believe that was on the itineraries so buttermilk falls yep aha yeah looks

like it's something else and then that was just at that lake I

mean we start in we where's Buffalo where's the falls compared to this that's

sort of where we're starting from that is that is to the west yeah we'll

be coming from this sign do what this one looks like yeah that one's gonna

it doesn't seem like it's so side of them that's compared to the north the

north looks a lot more looks less catastrophic yeah the north end of the

lake yeah yeah because see what's happening here is that the water is it's

like imagine it's big surge and it's moving up hill as it comes into the

galaghenies then it has to reverse and flow back out part and part of the

thing is is on the north end you're gonna have a lot of outwash sediment

that's gonna tend to bury differential topography yeah you can really see it

in on the depth of the lake right both of these lakes get deeper and deeper

yes okay come that one doesn't quite have the same channeling effect as the

other twos did it's too big oh no I'm not far enough over yet that's why yeah

this was I did a little research on that and yeah it is named after you

named after me so we I think we need to go to Grimes Glendon

would probably a whole home of the oldest fossil tree found and mounted by D

Dana Luther I don't really know what that means oldest fossil tree found

and mounted by D Dana Luther in April's New York now in the state

education building in Albany well we'll have to stop in there you can go in

and you'll tell him I'm Darren Grimes and I'm here to reclaim what is mine

wow look at that one yeah okay that's it Grimes Glendon

I think my cave that is yeah your personal place of refuge

and times of my little hyna well I hope some people do decide to join us

it's gonna be a good trip we do have a busy fall with two trips coming up so

the finger lakes though we've never done that one yet I've never even been to New

York so I'm pretty excited to go over to the east side

aha well I don't blame you it's wonderful place and let's see

so you know you're standing on the ground and you're just looking at this hill

but you know then if you go from the air you know above looking down that's

when you see that you got hundreds and hundreds of them and they're all

in this and echelon pattern which tells you that the formation of them

you know this isn't just an isolated hill that's formed by some local

something that happened here it's part of this huge pattern that covers hundreds

of square miles that has been shaped by these huge sublacial floods

actually we're going to the Cornell education thing the science center

yeah I wanted to see that when I was there before and I think it was closed

when we were there but yeah oh that's cool let's see

and there's Fillmore Glen State Park as I see on the itinerary as well

Watkins Glen State Park the one we're just looking at

yep let's worth State Park yeah check out let's worth

let's worth ooh yeah that's right I remember that now did visit there

this is let's worth State Park another I mean there's a ton of waterfalls

it looks like we'll see a ton of waterfalls oh yeah

oh look at that big canyon eh yep and then you got this point coming off

here so is this where the water switch directions it's a fork

there's a place

right up on the the shore southern shore of Lake Ontario

where the waters of the lake have eroded a drumlin

and let's see if I can remember what's in there

yeah look at that that's there must be springs up

is there springs up there is that water all coming under springs

well it's probably being augmented by springs no doubt

but I'm thinking it's mostly you know runoff from the uplands

like you know the the the the Adirondacks

so this is along the the southern shore of Lake Ontario

wherever the drumlins have been truncated by the water

at one point the water level of Lake Ontario was much higher

in fact it was probably right up over this embankment here completely

but yeah so then the water receded and it left this behind

so if you were to look at this you from above

you would see that this is actually phases or transitions into a drumlin

so this is like eroded section through the drumlin

that would have originally extended on out into what would be the lake

are those all glacial melt then those lakes or those leftovers from the ice sheet?

yes yes and this would have been glacial till

this is the stuff that I was talking about that is under the ice sheet

let's see

well it must be the same idea I mean there's so much more water

there compared up in Manitoba though

but Manitoba's got that same sort of idea I mean the interesting people

at the Manitoba lakes is you can walk into the things forever

you go out a hundred feet and it's still only two feet deep

aha so chimney bluffs state park

and I don't know if this is on the itinerary

but we're going to be pretty close to here

and I personally wouldn't mind seeing it myself

because again this is the stuff this is the raw material, the glacial till

and all of the drumlins the hills if you cut into them

they would be composed of this same type of material

so you can see them here

oh yeah

you can really see what you're talking about there

whether cut off here and here

yep

so is that flowing back into the lake or out?

I think it flowed first to the south east and then it back washed back towards the lake

so then that one there would have been

yeah that's I mean that's dead center of the finger lakes

yeah yeah

dead center of that

down in through the drumlin fields

I know we have a day driving in around through those drumlin fields

so it seems like we could rip up there easy enough

so that's massive thick layers of glacial till

that were sculpted into drumlins

and then eroded by the water

which I'm guessing was probably the backwash, backwash, into the lake

I mean that's even on it's even seems like that's on another mount

aha

so now

you can probably really see those drumlins like that too

which should be right in here pretty well

it's hard to believe how far that stuff has come

it really is

that's fucking crazy that you can do that

yeah

well all right Randall should we get out of here?

let's get out of here

I got food that I need to be eating

but yeah there's a lot to decipher here with this

yeah it's going to be interesting

I mean this one's it's sort of like

I've been to the scablins so many times

I'm really looking forward to this one

because it's going to be all new to me

well and the thing is to keep in mind

is we could just be looking at two regional

manifestations of a much bigger event

of the same thing

of the same thing

we need we need tighter dating of though

and even if it wasn't I mean clearly

if there was a phased meltdown of the ice sheets

which is what it appears

I mean are we talking about there was a

a giant input of thermal energy out west

that caused that melting and then this was a different one

or you know we didn't get into the

where I've been going with my research is

by studying the subglacial topography

principally drumlands

using that to decipher where the impact events occurred

specifically where you had hits on the ice sheet

yeah once look if they could get that

all that whole area with good lidar data

you could theoretically just line them all up

and find a half a dozen or a dozen impact points

across the ice sheet

and I've done that

that's exactly what I've done

so that's what's coming up soon

yeah

well

excellent well we've got a couple tours

this fall if people want to come they can come see the

scablot inside of things with us

or they can come and see the east coast

east side of things

on this New York finger lakes