Chronicles of Canada Volume 18 - The 'Adventurers of England' on Hudson Bay-Agnes C. Laut

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1:02Sun rises, prices fall. Get a sausage McMuffin with egg or sausage egg and cheese, McGrittle's small hot coffee and hash frowns for just $6. Price and participation may vary. Promotion pricing may be lower than meal pricing. Ba da ba ba ba. Chapter 1 of the Adventurers of England on Hudson Bay. This is a Libervoc's recording. All Libervoc's recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libervoc's.org, recording by Esther. The Adventurers of England on Hudson Bay by Agnes C. Lout. Chapter 1 The Fur Hunters Thirty or more years ago, one who stood at the foot of Main Street Winnipeg in front of the Stone Gate, leading to the inner court of Fort Gary, and looked up across the river flats, would have seen a procession as picture-ask as ever graced the streets of Old Quebec. The dog brigades of the Hudson's Bay Company coming in from the winter's hunt. Against the rolling snowdrifts appeared a line.

2:04At first grotesquely dwarfed under the mock suns of the eastern sky, veiled in a soft frost fog. Then a husky dog in bells and harness bounced up over the drifts, followed by another and yet another, eight or ten dogs to each long, low to bargain that slid along, loaded and heaped with peltry. Beside each sleigh emerged out of the haze, the form of the driver, a swarthy fellow, on snowshoes, with hair bound back by a red scarf, and corduroy trousers belted in by another red scarf, and for gauntlets to his elbows, flourishing his whip and yelling in a high snarling falsetto, Marce, Marce, the rallying cry of the French woodrunner since first he set out from Quebec in the 1600s to thread his way westward through the wilds of the continent. Behind, at a sort of dog trot, came women clothed in skirts and shawls made of red and green blankets, papuses in moss bags on their mother's backs,

3:09and their little heads wobbling under the fur flaps and capotes. Then, as the dog teams sped from a trot to a gallop, with whoops and jingling of bells, their whip passed along low to bog and shaped sleigh with the fastest dogs in the finest robes, the equipage of the chief factor or trader. Before the spectator could take in any more of the scene, dogs and sleighs, runners and women had swept inside the gate. At still earlier period, say in the 70s, one who in summer chanced to be on Lake Winnipeg at the mouth of the Great Saskatchewan River, which, by countless portages and interlinking lakes, is connected with all the vast water systems of the north. Wood have seen the fur traders sweeping down in huge flotillas of canoes and flat-bottomed macanaw boats. Exaltant, after running the grand rapids where the waters of the Great Plains converge to a width of some hundred rods and rush nine miles over rocks

4:11the size of a house in a furious cataract. Summer or winter, it was a life of wild adventure and daily romance. Here on the Saskatchewan, every paddledip, every twist and turn of the supple canoes revealed some new caprice of the river's moods. In places the current would be shallow and the canoes would lag. Then the paddlers must catch the veer of the flow, or they would presently be outweighs deep, shoving cargo and craft, off sandbars. Again, as at grand rapids, where the banks were rock-faced and sheer, the canoes would run merrily in swift flowing waters. No wonder the Indian voyagers regarded all rivers as living personalities and made the river goddess offerings of tobacco for fair wind and good voyage. And it is to be kept in mind that no river like the Saskatchewan can be permanently mapped. No map or chart of such a river could serve its purpose for more than a year.

5:15Charted today and perhaps tomorrow it jumps its riverbed, and where was a current is now a swampy lake in which the paddlermen may lose their way. When the waters chance to be low at grand rapids, showing huge rocks through the white spray, cargoes would be unloaded and the peltree sent across the nine mile portage by tramway. But when the river was high, as in June after the melting of the mountain snows, the voyagers were always keen for the excitement of making the descent by canoe. Lestang, McKay, McKenzie, a dozen famous guides, could boast two trips a day down the rapids, without so much as grazing a paddle on the rocks. Indeed, the different crews would race each other into the very vortex of the wildest water, and will be tied the old voyager whose crew failed of the strong pull into the right current, just when the craft took the plunge. Here where the waters of the vast prairie region are descending over huge boulders

6:17and rocky eyelids between banks, not a third of a mile apart, there is a wild river seen. Far ahead the paddlers can hear the roar of the swirl. Now the surface of the river rounds and rises in the eddies of an undertow, and the canoe leaps forward, and then a swifter plunge through the middle of a furious overfall. The stearsman rises at the stern and leans forward like a runner. Pull, shoots the steerman, and the canoe shoots past one rock to catch the current that will whirl at past the next, every man bending to his paddle and almost lifted to his feet. The canoe catches the right current and is catapulted past the roaring plays where rocks make the water white. Instantly, all but the stearsman drop down, flat in the bottom of the canoe, paddles rigid a thwart, no need to pull now. The waters do the work, and motion on the part of the man would be fatal.

7:17Here the strongest swimmer would be as a chip on a catarach. The task now is not to paddle, but to steer, to keep the craft away from the rocks. This is the part of the stearsman, who stands, braced to his paddle, used rudderwise a stern, and the canoe rides the wildest plunge like a seagull. One after another the brigades disappear in a white trough of spray and roaring waters. They are gone, no human power can bring them out of that maelstrom. Like corks on a wave, mounting and climbing and riding the highest billows, there they are again. One after another, sideling and lifting and falling, and finally gliding out to calm water, where the men fall to their paddles and strike up one of their lusty voyager songs. The company would not venture its peltry, on the lower rapids where the river rushes down almost like a waterfall. Above this the cargoes were transferred to the portage, and proziically sent over the hill on a tram car pulled by a horse.

8:25The men, however, would not be robbed of the glee of running that last rapid, and with just enough weight for ballast in their canoes and boats, they would make the furious descent. At the head of the tramway on the Grand Rapids portage stands the great house, facing old warehouses through which have passed millions of dollars worth of furs. The great house is Gambrill roofed and is built of heavily timbered logs whitewashed. Rounded is a picket fence, below are wine-sellers. It is dismantled and empty now, but here no doubt good wines abounded and big oathth rolled in the days when the lord of an unmapped empire held sway. A glance at the map of the Hudson's Bay Company's posts will show the extent of the fur traders' empire. To the Athabasca warehouses at Fort Chippewaian came the furs of Mackenzie River and the Arctic. To Fort Edmonton came the furs of the Athabasca and of the Rockies.

9:28To Fort Pitt came the peltry of the barren lands, and all passed down the broad highway of the Saskatchewan to Lake Winnipeg, went, they were sent out to York factory on Hudson Bay, there to be loaded on ships and taken to the company's warehouses in London. Incidentally, the fur hunters were explorers who had blazed a trail across a continent and penetrated to the uttermost reaches of a northern empire, the size of Europe. But it was fur these explorers were seeking when they pushed their canoes up the Saskatchewan, crossed the Rocky Mountains, went down the Columbia. Fur, not glory, was the quest when the dog bells went ringing over the wintry wastes from Saskatchewan to Athabasca, across the barren lands, and north to the Arctic. Beaver, not empire, was the object in view when the horse brigades of 100 and 200 and 300 hunters led by Ogden or Ross or McKay, or or Mattinger, went winding south over the mountains from New Caledonia through the country that now comprises the states of Washington and Oregon and Idaho across the deserts of Utah and Nevada to the Spanish forts at San Francisco and Monterey.

10:47It is a question whether La Salle could have found his way to the Mississippi or Radisson to the North Sea or Mackenzie to the Pacific if this little beaver had not inspired the search and paid the toll. End of chapter 1 Chapter 2 of the Adventurers of England on Hudson Bay This is a Libervox recording all Libervox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Libervox.org, recording by Esther. The Adventurers of England on Hudson Bay by Agnes C. Lout, chapter 2, the tragedy of Henry Hudson. Though the Adventurers to Hudson Bay turned to fur trading and one wealth and discovered an empire while pursuing the little beaver across a continent, the beginning of all this was not the beaver but a myth, the Northwest passage, a short way round the world to bring back the spices and silks and teas of India and Japan.

11:55It was this quest, not the lure of the beaver, that first brought men into the heart of the new world wilds by way of Hudson Bay. In this search Henry Hudson led the way when he sent his little high decked oak craft, the discovery, but in through the ice drift of Hudson straight in July of 1610, warming away through the flows by anchor out to the fore and a pull on the rope from behind. Smith, Wollston home, and Diggs, the English merchant adventurers who had supplied him with money for his break and crew, cared for nothing but the short route to those spices and silks of the Orient. They thought since Hudson's progress had been blocked the year before in the same search up the bay of Chesapeake and up the Hudson River that the only remaining way must lie through these northern straits. So now thought Hudson as the ice jams closed behind him and a clear way opened up before him to the west on a great inland sea that rocked to an ocean tide.

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13:58Was that tide from the Pacific? How easily does a wish become father to the thought. Ice lay north, open water, south and west. So southwest steered Hudson, standing by the will, though Jewett the old mate, raged in open mutiny because not enough provisions remained to warrant further voyage. Much less the wintering of a crew of twenty in an ice-locked world. Henry Green, a gutter-snipe, picked off the streets of London, as the most of the sailors of that day were, went whispering from man to man of the crew that the masters commands to go on ought not to be obeyed. But we must not forget two things when we sit in judgment of Henry Hudson's crew. First, nearly all sailors of that period were unwilling men seized forcibly and put on board. Secondly, in those days, nearly all seamen, masters as well as men, were apt to turn pirate at the sight of an alien sail. The ships of all foreign nations were considered lawful prey to the mariners with the stronger crew or fleet or sail.

15:05The waters that we know today as the Pacific were known to Hudson as the South Sea. And now the tide rolled south, over shelving, sandy shores, past countless islands, yellowing to the touch of September frosts, and silent as death, but for the cries of gold, turn, bitterne, the hooding pi-balled loon, match legs, falloropes, and geese and ducks of every hue, collected for the Atomno-flight south. It was a yellowish sea under a sky blue as turquoise, and it may be that Hudson recalled sailors' yarns of China's seas, lying yellow under skies blue as a robin's egg. At any rate he continued to steer south in spite of the old mate's mutterings. Men in unwilling service, at a few shillings a month, do not court death for the sake of glory. The shoreline of rocks and pine turned westward, so did Hudson, sounding the ship's line as he crept forward one sail up, the others rattling against the bare mast in the autumn wind, dull full music to the thoughts of the coward crew.

16:12The shoreline at the south end of Hudson Bay, as the world knows, is cut sharply by a ridge of swampy land that sholes to muddy flats in what is known as Hanabay. Hudson's hopes must have been dimmed if not dashed as he saw the western shore turn north and bar his way. He must suddenly have understood the force of the fear that his provisions would not last him to England if this course did not open towards China. It was now October, and the furious equinoctial gales lashed the shallow sea to mountainous waves that swept clear over the decks of the discovery, knocking the sailors from the capstan bars and setting all the least scuppers spouting. In a rage, Jiu-Et, threw down his pole and declared that he would serve no longer. Hudson was compelled to arrest his old mate from mutiny and depose him with loss of wages. The trial brought out the fact that the crew had been plotting to break open the lockers and seize firearms.

17:15It must be remembered that most of Hudson's sailors were ragged, underfed, underclothed, fellows, ill-fitted for the rigorous climate of the north, and unmoved by the glorious aims that, like a star of hope, led Hudson on. They saw no star of hope, and felt only hunger and cold, and that dislike of hardships of life, which is the birthright of the weakling, as well as his nemesis. What, with the north wind, driving water back up the shallows, and with tamarax swamps on the landward side, Hudson deemed it unwise to anchor for the winter in the western corner of the bay, and came back to the waters that, from the description of the hills, may now be identified as rupee-buck. The furious autumn winds, bobbled the little high-decked ship about on the water, like a chip in a maelstrom, and finally with a ripping crash that tore timbers of sander, sent her on the rocks in the blackness of a November night. The starving crew dashed up the hatchway to decks, glassed with ice, and wrapped in the gloom of a snowstorm thick as wool.

18:28To any who have been on that shore in a storm, it is quite unnecessary to explain why it was impossible to seek safety ashore by lowering a boat. Shallow seas always beat to wilder turbulence in storm, than do the great deeps. Even so do shallow natures, and one can guess how the mutinous crew, stung into unwanted fury by cold and despair, rallied at Hudson, with the rage of panic-stricken hysteria, but in daylight and calm, presumably on the morning of November 11th, drenched and cold, they reached shore safely, and knocked together, out of the tamarack and pines, and rocks, some semblance of winter cabins. Of game there was an abundance, then as now, rabbit and deer, and gross enough to provision an army, and Hudson offered reward for all provisions brought in, but the Leven of rebellion had worked its mischief, the men would not hunt, probably they did not know how.

19:31Certainly none of them had ever before felt such cold as this, cold that left the naked hand sticking to any metal that it touched, that filled the air with frost fog and mock sons, that set the wet-ships timbers crackling every night, like musket shots, that left a lining of horror frost and snow on the underside of the birthbeds, that burst the great pines and fertries ashore, in loud, nightly explosions, and set the air whipping in lights of unearthly splendor that passed them moving and rustling in curtains of blood and fire. As anyone who has lived in the region knows, the cowardly incompetence should have been up and outhunting and resting from nature, the one means of protection against the northern cold, fur clothing. That is the one demand the north makes of a man, that he shall fight and strive for mastery, but these whimpering weaklings convulsed with the poison of self-pity, sat inside, shivering over the little pans and braasures of coal, cursing and cursing Hudson.

20:40In the midst of the smoldering mutiny, the ship's gunner died, and probably because the gutter boy Green was the most poorly clad of all, Hudson gave the dead man's overcoat to the London lad. Instantly there was wild outcry from the other man. It was customary to auction a dead semen's clothes from the main mast. Why had the commander shown favor? In disgust, Hudson turned the coat over to the new mate, thereby adding fresh fuel to the crew's wrath and making Green a real source of danger. Green was to be sure only a youth, but small snakes sometimes secrete deadly venom. How the winter passed, there is no record, except that it was void of hope, and one may guess the tension of the salty atmosphere. The old captain with his young son stood his ground against the mutineers, like a bear baited by snapping curves. If they had hunted half as diligently as they snarled and complained, there would have been ample provisions, an absolute security, and this statement holds good of more complainants against life than Henry Hudson's mutinous crew.

21:53It holds good of nearly all mutineers against life. Spring came, as it always comes, in that snow-washed northern land, with a ramp of the ice loosening its script from the turbulent waters, and a whore of birds winging north in long, high wedged-shaped lines, and a crunching of the ice-flows riding turbulently out to sea, and a piping of the odorous spring winds through the resinous balsam-centred woods. Hudson and the loyal members of the crew attempted to replenish provisions by fishing. Then a brilliant thought penetrated the wooden brains of the idol and incompetent crew, a thought that still works its poison in like brains of today, namely if there were half as many people, there would be twice as much provisions for each. Ice out, anchor up, the goals and wild geese winging northward again, all was ready for sale on June 18, 1611,

22:56with the tattered canvas and the seams tarred and the men's in the hull-cocked, Hudson handed out all the bread that was left, a pound to each man. He had failed to find the northwest passage. He was going home, a failure, bucked, beaten, thrown back by the waves that had been beating the ice-flows to the mournful call of the desolate wind all winter. There were tears in the eyes of the old captain, as he handed out the last of the bread. Anyone who has watched what snapping mongrels do when the big dog goes down need not be told what happened now. There were whispering that night as the ship slipped before the wind, whispering and tail bearings from birth to birth, threats uttered in shrill scared falsetto, to end it, or to mend it. Better hang at home for mutiny than starved sea. Pricot, the agent for the merchant adventurers, pleaded for Hudson's life, the mutineers, led by Jouette and Green, roughly bade him to look to his own.

24:02Pricot was ill and bad with scurvy, and the tremor of self-fair came into his plea. Then the mutineers swore on the Bible that what they planned was to sacrifice the lives of the few to save the many. When the destroyer profanes the cross with unclean perjury, to as well to use the cross for firewood and unsheath a sword, peavish with sickness, prick it punely acquiesced. When Hudson stepped from the wheel-host or cabin next morning, they leaped upon him like a pack of wolves, no oaths on holy scripture and holy cross this break of day. Oath of another sort, oaths and blows and railings, all pretense of clean motives thrown off, malice with its teeth out-snapping. Somewhere north of Rupert, probably off Charlton Island, Hudson, his son, and eight loyal members of the crew were thrown into one of the boats on the davids.

25:03The boat was lowered on its pulleys and touched sea. The discovery then spread sail and sped through open water to the wind. The little boat with the marooned crew came climbing after. Somebody threw into it some implements and ammunition, and someone cut the painter. The abandoned boat slack and fell back in the wavewash, and that is all we know of the end of Henry Hudson, who had discovered a northern sea, the size of a Mediterranean, that was to be a future arena of nations, warring for an empire, and who had before discovered a river that was to be a path of world commerce. What became of Hudson, a famous painting represents him, with his little son and the castaway crew, huddling among the engulfing icebergs, that may have been, but it is improbable that the don'tless old pathfinder would have succumbed so supinely. Three traditions, more or less reasonable, exist about his end.

26:04When Captain James came out twenty years later, seeking the northwest passage, he found on a little island, southeast from Charlton Island, a number of sticks standing in the ground, with the chip marks of a steel blade. Did the old timbers mark some winter house of Hudson and his castaways? When Radisson came, cruising among these islands fifty years later, he discovered an old house, all marked and battered with bullets, and the Indians told Radisson stories of canoes with sails, having come to the bay. Had Indians supplied with firearms overland from Quebec traders, a sailed that house, where nine white men, standing at bay between starvation and their enemies, took their last stand. The third tradition is of a later day. A few years ago a resident of Fort Francis, who had spent the summer at the foot of James Bay, and who understood the Indian language, wrote that the Indians had told him legends of white men, who had come to the bay long, long ago, before ever the big company came, and who had been cast away by their fellows, and who came ashore and lived among the Indians, and took Indian wives, and left red-haired descendants.

27:19It is probable that fur traders had told the Indians the story of Hudson, and this would explain the origin of this tradition. On the other hand, in a race utterly isolated from the outside world, among whom neither printing nor telegraph ever existed, traditions handed down from father to son, acquire peculiar value, and in them we can often find a germ of truth. The legends are given for what they are worth. There is no need to relate the fate of the mutineers. The fate of mutineers is the same, the world over. They quarreled among themselves. They lost themselves among the ice-flows. When they found their way back through the straits, all provisions were exhausted. While they were prisoners in the ice-flows, Skurvy assailed the crew. Landing to gather sorrelgrass as an antidote to Skurvy, they were attacked by Eskimos. Only four men were left to man the ship home, and they were reduced to a diet of sea-moss and awful before reaching Ireland.

28:26Green perished miserably among the Indians, and his body was thrown into the sea. Old, juet, died of starvation, incite of Ireland, raving impotent curses. But however dire Nemesis may be, or however deep may be repentance, neither undoes the wrong, and Hudson had gone to his unknown grave, sent dither by imbecils who would not work that they might eat, nor strive that they might win, but sat crouching as their prototypes sit, ready to spring at the throat of endeavor. Thomas Button, afterwards knighted for his effort, came out the very next year, at the expense of the merchant adventurers, wallston-home Smith and Diggs, to search for Hudson. He wentered, 1612-13, at Port Nelson, which he explored and named after his mate, who died there of Skurvy. But the sea gave up no secret of its dead. Pricot and Bailot of Hudson's former crew were there also with the ship Discovery, and a large frigate called Resolution, an appropriate name.

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31:40Novelists are frequently accused of sensationalism and exaggeration. But if, as tradition seems to suggest, Hudson were still alive 700 miles south at the lower end of the bay, straining vain eyes for a sail at sea, like Alexander Selkirk of a later day, with a button and a gibbon and a Bylott and a Baffin, searching for him with echoing cannon-roll and useless call in the north. Then the life and death of the old pathfinder are more like a tale from Defoe than a story of real life. The English merchant adventurers then gave up, possibly for the good reason, that they had emptied their purses. This brings us to the year 1617, with no northwest passage discovered, and very little other reward for the toll of life and heroism during seven years. Superficially, when we contemplate such failure, it looks like the broken arc of a circle. But when we find the whole circle, we see that it is made up very largely of broken endeavor, and that destiny has shaped the wheel to roll to undreamed ends.

32:53There was no practicable northwest passage as we know, but the search for such a passage gave to the world a new empire. End of chapter 2 Little Denmark, whose conquering Vikings on their seahorses had scoured the coasts of Europe, now comes on the scene. Hudson and Englishmen had discovered the bay, but the port of Churchill, later to become an important post of the fur trade, was discovered by Jen's monk, the Dane. In the autumn of 1619, monk came across the bay with two vessels, the unicorn, a warship with seahorses on its carved prow, and a lamprey, a companion sloop, scutting before an equinoctile skull.

34:07Through a hurricane of sleet he saw what appeared to be an inlet between breakers lashing against the rocky west shore. Steering the unicorn for the opening, he found himself in a landlocked haven, protected from the tidal bore by a ridge of sunken rock. The lamprey had fallen behind, but fires of driftwood built on the shore guided her into the harbor, and monk constructed an ice break round the keels of his ships. Piles of rocks, sunk as a cofferdam, protected the boats from the in-drive of the tidal ice, and the Danes prepared to winch her in the new harbor. Today there are no forests within miles of Churchill, but at that time Piedenwoods crowded to the water's edge, and the crews laid up a great store of firewood. With rocks they built fireplaces on the decks, a paltry protection against the northern cold. Later explorers wentering at Churchill, boarded up their decks completely, and against the boarding banked snow, but this method of preparation against an Arctic winter was evidently unknown to the Danes.

35:11By November every glass vessel on the ships had been broken to splinters by the frost. In the lurid mocksons and mock moons of the frost fog, the superstitious sailors fancy that they saw the ominous sign of the cross, portending disaster. One of the surgeons died of exposure, and within a month all the crew were prostrate with scurvy. With the exception perhaps of bearings voyage a hundred years later, the record of monks' wintering is one of the most lamentable in all American exploration. Died this day my nephew, Eric Monk, wrote the captain on April 1st of 1620, and was buried in the same grave as my second mate, great difficulty to get coffins made. May 6th, the bodies of the dead lie uncovered because none of us has strength to bury them. By June the ships had become charnel houses, two men only besides Monk had survived the winter. When the ice went out with a rush and a grinding and the ebbedide left the flat spare, wolves came nightly sniffing the air and prowling round the ships as exposed keels.

36:19As I have no more hope of life in this world, wrote Jen's Monk, herewith good night to all the world and my soul to God. His two companions had managed to crawl down the ship's ladder and across the flats, where they fell ravenously on the green sprouting sorrel grass and sea nettles. As all northerners know they could have eaten nothing better for scurvy, forthwith their malady was elayed, and a few days they came back for their commander. By June 26th all three had recovered. The putrid dead were thrown into the river, ballast and cargo were then cast out. It thus happened that when the tide came in, the little slupe lamprey lifted and floated out to sea. Monk had drilled holes in the hull of the unicorn and sunk her with all her freight till he could come back with an adequate crew, but he never returned. War broke out in Europe and Monk went to his place in the Danish Navy. Meanwhile, Indians had come down to what they henceforth called the river of the strangers.

37:19When the tide went out they mounted the unicorn and plundered her of all the water-soaked cargo. In the cargo were quantities of powder. A fire was kindled to dry the booty, at once a consuming flame shot into the air followed by a terrific explosion, and when the smoke cleared neither plunder nor plunderers nor ship remained. 80 years afterwards the fur traders dug from these river flats as sunken cannons stamped C4, Christian 4, and thus established the identity of Monk's winter quarters as Churchill Harbor. Monk was not the last soldier of fortune to assay passage to China through the ice-bound North Sea. Captain Fox of hull and Captain James of Bristol came out in 1631 on separate expeditions, itching as Fox expressed it to find the Northwest passage. Private individuals had fitted out both expeditions. Fox claimed the immediate patronage of the king. James came out under the auspices of the city of Bristol.

38:20Sailing the same week, they did not again meet till they were south of Port Nelson in the autumn. When Fox dined with James and shaved him about his hopes to meet the Emperor of Japan. But there was no need of rivalry, both went back disappointed men. James went to Charlton Island and towards the end of 1632 after a summer's futile cruising, returned to England with a terrible tale of bootless suffering. While England saw a short route to China by Hudson Bay, and the Spaniards were still hoping to find a way to the Orient by the Gulf of Mexico and California, New France had been founded, and as we may learn from other narratives in this series, her explorers had not been idle. In the year 1662 French pathfinders and fur traders, Medard Shuar de Corcellier and Pierre Esprit Radeisson, men of three rivers, came back from the region west of Lake Superior, telling wondrous tales of a tribe of Indians they had met, a creanation that passed each summer on the salt waters of the sea of the north.

39:23The two fur traders were related, Radeisson's sister having married Gorselli, who was a veteran of one of the Jesuit missions on Lake Huron. Radeisson himself, although the hero of many exploits, was not yet 26 years of age. Did that sea of the north of which they had heard find western outlet by the long-sought passage? So ran rumor and conjecture concerning the two explorers in three rivers in Quebec. But Radeisson himself writes, We considered whether to reveal what we had learned, for we had not yet been to the bay of the north, knowing only what the creese told us. We wished to discover it ourselves before revealing anything. In the execution of their bold design to journey to the north sea, Radeisson and Gorselli had to meet the opposition of the Jesuits and the governor, the two most powerful influences in new France. The Jesuits were themselves preparing for an expedition overland to Hudson Bay, and had invited Radeisson to join their company, going by way of the Saginae.

40:23But he declined and they left without him. In June 1661, the Jesuits, fathers joyette and deblon, ascended the Saginae. But they penetrated no further than a short distance north of Lake Saint John, where they established a mission. The fur trade of new France was strictly regulated, and severe punishments were meted out to those who traded without a license. Radeisson and Gorselli made formal application to the governor for permission to trade on the sea of the north. The governor's answer was that he would give the explorers a license if they would take with them two of his servants, and give them half the profits of the undertaking. The two explorers were not content with this proposal, and were forbidden to depart. But in defiance of the governor's orders, they slipped out from the gates of three rivers by night, and joined a band of Indians bound for the northern wilds. The two Frenchmen spent the summer and winter of 1661-62 in hunting with the Crees west of Lake Superior, where they met another tribe of Indians, the stone boilers or a synabolins.

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42:33Sun rises, prices fall, get a sausage McMuffin with egg or sausage egg and cheese McGrittle's small hot coffee and hash frowns for just $6. Price and participation may vary, promotion pricing may be lower than meal pricing. Who also told them of the great salt water or sea of the north? In the spring of 1662, with some crees of the hinterland, they set out in canoes down one of the rivers, moose or abitibi, leading to Hudson Bay. Radisson had sprained his ankle and the long portages by the banks of the ice laden, rain swollen rivers were terrible. The rocks were slippery as glass with ice and moss. The forests of this region are full of dank heavy windfall that obstructs the streams and causes an endless succession of swamps. In these the paddlers had to wade to mid-waist, tracking their canoes through perilous passageway, where the rip of an upturned branch might tear the birch from the bottom of the canoe. When the swamps finally narrowed to swift rivers, blankets were hoisted as sails and the brigade of canoes swept out to the sandy sea of Hudson Bay.

43:41We were in danger to perish a thousand times from the ice, Radisson writes. But at last we came full sail from a deep bay to the seaside, where we found an old house all demolished and battered with bullets. The crees told us about Europeans. We went from Isle to Isle all that summer in the bay of the north. We passed the summer coasting the seaside. Had Radisson found Hudson Bay? Some historians dispute his claims. But even if his assertion that he sailed from Isle to Isle during the summer of 1662 be challenged, the fact that his companion, Grosselli, knew enough of the bay to enable him six years later to guide a ship round by sea to a rendezvous on the Rupert River must be accepted. The only immediate results of the discovery to Radisson and Grosselli were condined punishment, disgrace, and almost utter ruin. When they came back to the St. Lawrence in the summer of 1663, with several hundred Indians and a flotilla of canoes swarming over the surface of the river below the heights of Quebec,

44:44and conveying a great cargo of beaver skins, the avaricious old governor affected furious rage because the two traders had broken the law by going to the woods without his permission. The explorers were heavily fined, and a large quantity of their beaver was seized to satisfy the revenue tax. Of the immense cargo brought down, Radisson and Grosselli were permitted to keep only a small remainder. Grosselli sailed for France to appeal to the home authorities for redress, but the friends of the governor at the French court proved too strong for him, and nothing was done. He then tried to interest merchants of Rochelle in an expedition to Hudson Bay by sea, and from one of them he obtained a vague promise of a ship for the following year. It was agreed that in the following spring, Radisson and Grosselli should join this ship at Isle Perse in the mouth of the St. Lawrence. So it happened that in the spring of 1664, the two explorers, having returned to three rivers, secretly took passage in a fishing scooner bound for Antichosti.

45:46Once they went south to Isle Perse to meet the ship they expected from Rochelle, but again they were to be disappointed, a Jesuit just out from France informed them that no ship would come. What now should the explorers do? They could not go back to three rivers for their attempt to make another journey without a license rendered them liable to punishment. They went to Cape Breton, and from there to the English at Port Royal in Nova Scotia. At Port Royal, they found a Boston captain, Zachariah Gillum, who plied in vessels to and fro from the American plantations to England. Gillum offered his vessel for a voyage to Hudson Bay, but the season was late, and when the vessel reached the rocky walls of Labrador, the captain lost heart and refused to enter the driving straits. The ship returned and landed the explorers in Boston. They then clubbed the last of their fortunes together and entered into an agreement with ship owners of Boston to take two ships to Hudson Bay on their own account in the following spring. But while fishing to obtain provisions for the voyage, one of the vessels was wrecked, and instead of sailing for the North Sea, Radisson and Groselier found themselves in Boston, involved in a lawsuit for the value of the lost ship.

46:58When they emerged from this, they were destitute. And of Chapter 3. Chapter 4 of the Adventures of England on Hudson Bay. This is a Libra Box recording. All Libra Box recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibraBox.org, reading done by Jules Harlock of Mrs. Saga, Ontario, Canada. The Adventures of England on Hudson Bay by Agnes C. Loathe. Chapter 4. The Adventures of England. In Boston, the commissioners of his Majesty King Charles II were reviewing the affairs of the American plantations.

48:05One of the commissioners was Sir George Cartaret, and when he sailed for England in August 1665, he was accompanied by the two French explorers. It gives one and curiously graphic insight into the conditions of ocean travel in those days to learn that the Royal Commissioners ship was attacked, boarded and sunk by a Dutch filibuster. Cartaret and his two companions landed penniless in Spain, but by pawning clothes and showing letters of credit, they reached England early in 1666. At this time London was in the ravages of the Great Plague, and King Charles had sought safety from infection at Oxford. Thither, radison and grossel years were taken and presented to the King. And we may imagine how their amazing stories of adventure beguiled his weary hours.

49:11The jaded King listened and marveled and ordered that 40 shillings a week should be paid to the two explorers during that year. As soon as it was safe to return to London, sometime in the winter of 1667 to 68, a group of courtiers became interested in the two Frenchmen and togethered with them frequently at the Goldsmiths Hall, or at Whitehall, or over a sumptuous feast at the Tuntabin or the Sun Coffee House. John Portman, a Goldsmith and Alderman, is ordered to pay radison and grossel years to to four pounds a month for maintenance from December 1667. When Portman is absent, the money is paid by Sir John Robinson, Governor of the Tower, or Sir John Kirkke, with whose family young radison seems to have resided and whose daughter Mary is married.

50:15He married a few years later, or Sir Robert Vinyr, the Lord Mayor or Mr. Young, a fashionable man about town. No formal organization or charter yet exists, but it is evident that the gentleman are bent on some enterprise. For Peter Romulus is engaged this surgeon and Thomas Gourst as secretary. Gillam of Boston is hired as captain, along with captain Stannard. At a very dinner of the gay gentleman at the exchange, Captain Gillam presents a bill of five shillings for a rat catcher for the ships. Wages of Seaman are set down at 20 pounds per voyage, and his most gracious majesty King Charles gives a gold chain in metal to the two Frenchmen and recommends them to the gentlemen adventurers of Hudson's Bay. Moreover, there is a stock book dated this year showing amounts paid in or credited to sundry persons among whom are Prince Rubbert, James Duke of York, the Duke of Albert Marley, the Earl of Craven, the Earl of Arlington, the Earl of Shaftsbury, Sir John Robinson, Sir Robert Vinyr, Sir Peter Calletton, Sir James Hay,

51:43Sir John Kirkkey and Lady Margaret Drax. Who was this fair and adventurous Lady Margaret Drax? Did she sip wines with the gay adventurers over the roasted pollets of the Tuntabran or at the banquet table at Whitehall? Then his majesty, the King writes to his trusty and well beloved brother, James Duke of York, recommending the loan of the Admiralty ship, the Eglot, to the two Frenchmen to search for a northwest passage by way of Hudson's Bay, the ship to be rigged and victuelt at the charge of dear cousin Rubbert and his friends Carterette and Albert Marley and Craven at all. The well beloved brother passes the order onto Prince Rubbert, our dear cousin, and the dear cousin transmits instructions to Sir James Hay's, his secretary.

52:44Sir James badgers the Admiralty board and in due time the Eglot is handed over to Captain Standard, acting under radicine. Gillum takes his own plantation ship, the non-such, under orders from gross selliers. The instructions to the captains are signed by Prince Rubbert, Craven Hay's, Albert Marley, Carterette, Calletton and Portman. These instructions bid the captains convey the vessels to the place where the rendezvous was set up as Mr. Gooseberry and Mr. Radisson direct. There to raise fortifications, having in thought the discovery of a passage to the south sea under the direction of Mr. Gooseberry and Radisson, and to prosecute trade always under direction of Mr. Gooseberry and Mr. Radisson, and to have a particular respect unto them with all manner of civility and courtesy.

53:47Deer old company, from its very origin it conforms to the cannons of gentlemanly conduct and laid more emphasis on courtesy than on spelling. Those curious instructions were indicative of its character in leader times, but we quite understand that there was other object in that voyage than the northwest passage. The two ships sailed for Hudson's Bay in the spring of 1668. In mid-Ocean they were driven apart by storms. Gillum's nonsuch with grosseliers went on, but the eglot with Radisson was disabled and forced to return, and the season was now too late to permit Radisson to set sail again until the following spring. During the interval of enforced idleness, Radisson seems to have diligently corded Mary Kirkky, the daughter of Sir John, and to have written the account of his journeys through the wilds of America.

54:55It is possible that Radisson was inspired to write these journals by Peppies, the celebrated diarists, who was at this time chief clerk of the admulty, and who lived next door to the Kirkys on Tower Hill. At any rate it is clear that the journals fell into Peppies' hands, for they were found 200 years later in the Peppies collection at the Bodilian Library. In the spring of 1669 on the recommendation of the king, the admulty lent the ship, wavered to the adventurers, that Radisson might sail to Hudson Bay. In his eglot, Radisson set out too early, for a second time he was driven back by storm, but on coming into harbor at Gravesend, what was his delight to find the nonsuch back from Hudson Bay, with grosseliers and Gillum, and such cargo of furs from the Rupert River as English merchants had never before dreamed.

56:03The nonsuch had reached Hudson Strait in August of the year before, and the captain, guided by grosseliers, had steered south for the rendezvous at the lower end of the bay, where the two French explorers had set up their marks six years before. There at the mouth of the river named Rupert, in honor of their patron prince, the traitors cast anchor on September the 25th. At high tide, they beached the ship and piled logs round her to protect her timbers from ice jams. Then they built a fort consisting of two or three loghuts for winter quarters, enclosed in a log palisade. This they named Fort Charles, the winter that followed must have been full of hardship for the Englishmen, but a winter on the bay had no tears for grosseliers. While Gillum and the Englishmen kept house at the fort, he coerced the woods on snowshoes, found the Indian camps, and persuaded the hunters to bring down their furs to trade with him in the spring.

57:17Then, when the wild geese darkened the sky and the ice went out with the rush, preparations were made for the homeward voyage. In June, the ship sailed out of the bay, and, as we have seen, had docked at Gravesend on the Thames, while the Waverl with Radisson was coming back. McDonald's is putting value back on the menu. Whether you're craving a Big Mac, McNuggets or sausage egg and cheese McGrittle's make it a meal and save. Your favorite is now your wallet's favorite too. Extra value meals are back. Get a big something extra. With a Big Mac or 10 piece McNuggets, fries and a medium Coke all for just $9. Limited time only, promotion pricing may be lower than meal pricing. Bada bada bada bada! Don't you wish everything was more rewarding? With Rakuten almost everything is. You can earn cash back on those new shoes you've been wanting. You can save on the next trip you book. You can cash in on groceries.

58:22Just join. Shop your favorite brands and save. Target, Instacart, Expedia, Macy Sephora, CBS. The list is long. Save online, in store and at over 22,000 restaurants. And when it's time to redeem those rewards, get your money exactly how you want it. Choose PayPal. Check, built points or cash out with gift cards. Eligible American Express Card Members can choose to earn membership rewards points instead of cash back. Terms and conditions supply. So go ahead, take a trip, fill a cart, order dessert. Rakuten is a world of rewards. Join today for free. Go to Rakuten.com or get the app. That's RAK-UTEN. This is the story of the one, the shipping manager who's there before the first truck backs in and the first pallet is loaded. Coordinating schedules, clearing bottlenecks, keeping freight moving. He counts on Granger for the industrial grade products he needs to stay ready.

59:24From shipping supplies to PPE to hand tools. So when the doors roll up, he's ready to roll. Call 1-800-GRanger-clickranger.com or just stop by Granger for the ones who get it done. The adventurers lost no time. That winter they applied for a charter. And in May 1670, the charter was granted by King Charles II, the governor and the company of adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay. The ostensible object was to find the northwest passage and to defray the cost of that, finding a monopoly and trade for all time was given. Whereas, declares the old charter, these have at their own great cost and charge undertaken an expedition to Hudson Bay for the discovery of a new passage to the South Sea and for trade and have humbly besought the King to grant them and their successors, the whole trade and commerce of all these seas, streets, bays, rivers, creeks and sounds in whatever latitude that lie within the sea.

1:00:37That lie within the entrance of the straits, together with all the lands, countries and territories upon the coasts and confines of the sea, straits, bays, lakes, rivers, creeks and sounds. Not now actually possessed by any other Christian state, be it known by these Presence that the King has given granted ratified and confirmed the said grant. The adventurers are free to build forts, employ a navy, use firearms, pass and enforce laws, hold power of life and death over their subjects. They are granted not only the whole, entire and only liberty of trade to and from the territories that have for said, but also the whole and entire trade to and from nations adjacent to the said territories and entrants by water or land in and out of the said territories.

1:01:40The monopoly could hardly have been made more sweeping. If the adventurers found other territory westward, such territory was to be theirs. Other traders were forbidden to encroach on the region. People were forbidden to inhabit the countries without the consent of the company. The company was empowered to make war for the benefit of trade. The charter meant, in a word, the establishment of pure feudalism over a vast region in America. But in light of the company's record, it may be questioned whether feudalism was not, after all, the best system for dealing with the Indian races. For two centuries under the company's rule, the Indians were peaceable. While in other parts of America, under a system the opposite of feudalism, the come who may and take who can policy of the United States, every step forward taken by the white race was marked by bloody ground.

1:02:46Absoluteism, pomp, formality, and let it be added a sense of personal responsibility for retainers. All characteristics of feudalism marked the rule of Hudson's Bay Company from the beginning. The adventurers were not merely merchants and traders. They were courtiers and princes as well. Rupert, a prince of the royal blood, was the first governor. James Duke of York, afterwards King, was the second, and Lord Churchill, afterwards Duke of Malburil III. The annual meetings of shareholders in November and the periodic meetings of the governing committee were held at Whitehall, or at the tower, or wherever the court chance to be residing. All shareholders had to take an oath of fidelity and secrecy. I do it swear to be true and faithful to the company of adventurers.

1:03:49Ye secrets of ye said company, I will not disclose nor trade to ye limits of ye said company charter. So help me God. Oats of fidelity and bonds were required from all captains, traders, and servants. Presence of cat skin, counter pains for his bed, pairs of beaver stalkings for ye king, gold in a fair embroidered purse, silver tankers, a hog's head of clarey were presented to courtiers and friends who did the company a good turn. Servants were treated with a paternal care. Did a man lose a toe on some frosty snow shoe trap? The governing committee solemnly voted him a four pound smart money or a one pound for a peri wig. Or a ten pound a year pension for life. No matter to what desperate straits the company was reduced. It never forgot a captain who had saved a cargo from raid or the hero of a fight or a wood runner who had carried trade inland.

1:05:00For those who died in harness funeral by torch light and linkman torch bearers two same Paul's company and crew marching in procession. Cost not to exceed twenty pounds and though the cost might run up higher it was duly paid as in one instance on record where the good gentleman at the funeral had two pullets and a dozen bottles of sack over it at the three tons. Perhaps the gay gentleman of the governing committee made Mary too long at times for it appears to have been necessary to impose a fine on all committee men who did not attend yet one hour after he deputy governor turns up at ye hourglass. The fines to go to the poor box as token of gratitude for God so great a blessing to ye company. In February the governing committee was always in a great bustle chartering or buying frigates for the years voyages then the goods for trade to be exchanged with the Indians for furs were chosen and stored in the list for sixteen seventy two are found two hundred filing pieces and four hundred powder horns and five hundred hatchets.

1:06:25Jew jaws beads ribbons and blankets innumerable were taken on the voyages and always more or less liquor but the latter it should be remarked was not traded to the Indians except in times of keen competition when the company had to fight rivals who used it in trade. Secret orders were given to the captains before sailing these orders contain the harbor signals ships not displaying these signals were to be fired on by the forts of Hudson Bay or lurch to wreck by false lights the sailing orders were always signed at God speed a good wind a fair sale your loving friends and the gentleman of the committee usually went down to the docks at grave sand. At graves and to search lockers for illicit trade to shake hands and toss a sovereign and quave drinks from the point where a returning ship was bespoke and the chief trader would take horse and ride post haste to Holland with the bills and journals of the voyage these would be used to check on lady next the sorting of the furs the payment of the Siemens wages about twenty pounds per year to each man.

1:07:47Then the public auction of the first a pin would be stuck in a lighted candle and bids received till the light burned below the pin sack and cannery and claret were served freely at the sales money accruing from sales was kept in an iron box at the goldsmiths exchange and later in the warehouse and fence church street trading in the early days was conducted with a ceremony such as kings might have. Practice and international treaty dressed in regimentals with colored velvet capes lined with silk swords clanking bugleers and drummers rattling a tattoo the white trader walked out to meet the Indian chief. The Indian prostrated himself and presented the kingly white man with priceless furs the white man kneeled and with pipes and thank the son for the privilege of meeting so great warriors and through his interpreters beg to present the great chief with what would render him invincible among all foals firearms.

1:09:00Then with much parling the little first such as rabbit and muskrat were exchanged for jujaws later the coming of the rival traders compelled the company to change its methods and to fix a standard of trade this standard varied with the supply of furs and the caprice of fashion but at first in respect to beaver it stood thus. One half pound beads one beaver one kettle one beaver one pound shot one beaver five pounds sugar one beaver one pound tobacco one beaver one gallon of brandy four beaver two owls one beaver twelve buttons one beaver twenty fish hooks one beaver twenty flints one beaver one gun twelve beavers one pistol four beavers eight balls one beaver a wicked would be opened at the side of the main gate of the fort up to this wicked the Indians would file with their furs and exchange them according to the standard.

1:10:19Tally was kept at first with wampum shells or little sticks then with bits of lead melted from teachests and stamped with the initials of the fort finally these devices were supplanted by modern money. Don't you wish everything was more rewarding with racqueton almost everything is you can earn cashback on those new shoes you've been wanting you can save on the next trip you book you can cash in on groceries just join shop. Your favorite brands and save target insta cart expedia macy's Sephora CBS the list is long save online in store and at over twenty two thousand restaurants and when it's time to redeem those rewards get your money exactly how you want it choose paypal check bill points or cash out with gift cards eligible American express card members can choose to earn membership rewards points instead of cash back terms and conditions apply so go ahead take a trip fill a cart order dessert racqueton is a world of rewards join today for free go to racqueton dot com or get the app that's r a k u t e n

1:11:33This is the story of the one the shipping manager who's there before the first truck backs in and the first pallet is loaded coordinating schedules clearing bottlenecks keeping freight moving he counts on granger for the industrial grade products he needs to stay ready from shipping supplies to PPE to hand tools so when the doors roll up he's ready to roll call one eight hundred ranger click ranger dot com or just stop by ranger for the ones who get it done. Don't you wish everything was more rewarding with racqueton almost everything is you can earn cash back on those new shoes you've been wanting you can save on the next trip you book you can cash in on groceries just join shop your favorite brands and save target insta cart expedia macy's Sephora CBS the list is long save online in store and at over twenty two thousand restaurants and when it's time to redeem those rewards get your money exactly how you want it choose paypal check bill points or cash out with gift cards eligible American express card members can choose to earn membership rewards points instead of cash back terms and conditions apply so go ahead take a trip fill a cart order dessert racqueton is a world of rewards join today for free go to racqueton dot com or get the app that's r a k u t e n

1:13:02red man was amply able to take care of himself in the trade especially when rivals at other points were bidding for the furs if the white man's terms were exorbitant and no rival trader was within reach the indians remedy was a scalping for a oftener than not the Indian was in debt for provisions advanced before the hunt if the Indian forgot his debt or carried his fur to a competitor as he often did in whole fatilis the white man would have his revenge some season when food was scarce or if his physical prowess permitted he would take his revenge on the spot by administering a sound thrashing to the transgressor it is on record that one trader in the early days of mousse factory broken or while chastising an Indian who had failed in his duty many of the lonely bachelors at the forts contracted marriage with native women

1:14:09these marriages were entered on the books of the company and were considered as valid as if bound by clergy sometimes they led to unhappy results when men returned from the service the Indian wife transplanted to England lived in wretched loneliness and the children lay pateats as they are entered in the books were still less at home amid English civilization gradually it became customary to leave the Indian women in their native land and to support them with a pension deducted from the wages of the retired husband and father this pension was assured by the company system of holding back one third of its servants wages for a retiring fund if a servant had left any pateats behind him a sum of money was withheld from his wages to provide a pension for them and a record of it was kept on the books this rule applied even to men who were distinguished in the service

1:15:16in June 1670 one month after the charter was granted three ships the wave roll the shaftsbury pink and the prince rubric conveying forty men and a cargo of supplies sailed for Hudson Bay Gillum commanded the prince rubric radison went as general superintendent of trade and Charles Bailey as governor of the fort at the rubric river gorse the secretary romulus the surgeon and grow celliers accompanied the expedition the ships duly arrived at four Charles and while Bailey and his men prepared the fort for residents and grow celliers plied trade with the Indians radison crews the west coast of the bay on the wave roll he made observations at moose and albany rivers and passed north to Nelson Harbor where button had wintered half a century before here on the projection of land between two great rivers the future

1:16:22site of york factory radison erected the arms of the english king the southern river he named haze after sir james haze prince rubric secretary the mouth of this river was a good place to get first for down its broad tide came the canoes of the asena points the stone boilers whom radison had met near the lake superior long ago and of the crease who had first told him of the sea of the north radison returned to england with gillum on the prince rubric while grow celliers windered on the bay and it appeared that during the next three years radison spent the winders in london advising the company and the summers on the bay cruising and trading on the west coast in 1672 he married married curky sir james haze said afterwards that he misled her into marrying him

1:17:24but there is nothing to show that the wife herself ever thought so perhaps radison hoped that his marriage to the daughter of one of the leading directors of the company would strengthen his position he received a hundred pounds a year for his services but although his efforts had turned a visionary search for the northwest passage into a prosperous trading enterprise he was not a shareholder in the company end of chapter four the adventures of england chapter five of the adventures of england on huts and bay this is a lever box recording all lever box recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit levervox.org reading done by jewels harlock of

1:18:32mississauga ontario canada the adventures of england on huts and bay by agnus sea lout chapter five the french and the english on the bay every year three ships were sailing to the bay and returning to england laden with peltry but in 1672 it was observed by the traders at the fort that fewer indians than usual came down the river with furs in the next year there were still fewer for some reason the trade was falling off radison urged bayley to establish new forts on the west coast and at length the governor consented to go with him on his regular summer cruise to Nelson when they came back to rupert in august they were surprised to find the fort tenanted by a jesuit from Quebec father albanelle who handed letters to radison and groselier and passports from

1:19:40the governor of new france to bayley the sudden decrease of trade was explained french traders coming overland from the saint lorans had been intercepting the indians but france and england were at peace and bound in closest amity by secret treaty and bayley was compelled to receive the passports and to welcome the jesuit as the representative of a friendly nation to the hospitality of four charles what the letters to radison and groselier contained we can only guess but we do know that their contents made the france explorers thoroughly dissatisfied with their position in the Hudson Bay company bayley accused the two france men of being in collusion with the company's arrivals a quarrel followed and at this juncture captain gillum arrived on one of the company's ships the france men

1:20:43were suspected of treachery and gillum suggested that they should return to england and explained what seemed to need explaining the admiralty records of sixteen seventy four contain mention of captain gillum's arrival from Hudson Bay on the shaftsbury pink with a french jesuit a little old man an indian a very lusty man this jesuit could not have been abanel for in the french archives is conclusive proof that abanel returned to Quebec the little old man must have been another jesuit found by gillum at the bay the winter of sixteen seventy three seventy four found radison and groselier back in england pressing the directors of the company for better terms the governing committee first required old subfuelty conferences were multiplied and prolonged but still radison and

1:21:48groselier refused to go back to the bay until something was done on june 29th sixteen seventy four the governing committee unanimously voted that there be allowed to mr. radison one hundred pounds per annum in consideration of services out of which shall be deducted what have already been paid him and if it pleases god to bless the company with good success hereafter that they come to be in a prosperous condition then they will re-assume consideration prosperous condition at this time the shareholders were receiving dividends of fifty and one hundred percent now in radison's pockets were offers from co bear the great minister at the french court for services in the french navy at three times this salary abruptly in the fall of sixteen seventy four the two

1:22:53Frenchmen left london and took service under co bear but now another difficulty blocked radison's advance co bear insisted that radisons wife should come to france to live he thought that as long as madham radison remained in england her husband's loyalty could not be trusted besides her father sur john curkey was a claimant against france for forty thousand pounds damages arising out of the capture of Quebec in sixteen twenty nine by his relatives and its restoration to france in sixteen thirty two without recognition of the family's rights if sur john's daughter was residing in paris as the wife of the french naval officer the minister saw that this dispute might be more easily adjusted and so he declined to promote the two Frenchmen until madham radison came

1:23:54to france in sixteen seventy nine during shoreleave from the navy radison met one of his old cronies of Quebec o bear de la chezne a fur trader he proposed to me radison says to undertake to establish the beaver trade in the great bay where i had been some years before on account of the english it may be supposed that the naval discipline ill suited these wild wood wanders and after this it is not surprising that we find radison and grossesies again in new france at a conference of fur traders and explorers among whom were la cell joliette charlesley moine the soldier with the famous sons and les chezne kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place

1:25:00resist cracking and help block moisture chosen over forty million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit james hardy dot com slash hardy backer shop the sirwin Williams labor day sale and get thirty five percent off paints and stains August twenty eight through september nine whether you're refreshing your interior or exterior we've got the colors to bring your vision to life and with delivery getting everything to your door is easier than ever shop online to have it delivered or visit your neighborhood sirwin Williams store click the banner to learn more retail sales only some exclusions apply see store for details delivery available on qualifying orders kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and help block moisture chosen over forty million

1:26:05kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit james hardy dot com slash hardy backer no doubt radison told these couriers of the wilderness tales of profit on the sea in the north that brought great curses down on the authorities of new france who forbade the people of the colony free access to that rich fur field lashes may had introduced the brothers in law to frontenac the governor of new france and had laid before him their plans for a trading company to operate on the great bay but frontenac did not approve the business he could not give a commission to invade the territory of a friendly power still if lashes may and his associates chose to assume

1:27:07risks he could wink at the invasion of rival traders domains a bargain was made lashes may would find the capital and equip two ships and radison and grossel ye would make the voyage the brothers in law would sail at once for a cadia there to spend the winter and in the spring they would come with the fishing fleets to aisle per se where level shesney would send their ships during the winter of sixteen eighty one eighty two lashesney persuaded some of his friends to advance money for provisions and ships to go to the north sea among these friends were Jean-Souart grossel ye son and a dame sorrell who like english lady drags was prepared to give solid support to a venture that promised profit thus was begun the company of the north

1:28:11la campagna de nord that was to be the thorn in the side of the adventures of England for over thirty years front-nack granted permission for two unseen worthy vessels the st an and the st pier to fish off aisle per se strange bait for codlay in the lockers while there are earlier records referring to the company of the north this year sixteen eighty two is generally given as the date of its founding similarly sixteen seventy is taken as the date of the founding of the Hudson's Bay Company although as we have seen it was practically begun three years earlier with profound disappointment radison and grossel ye saw at the aisle per se in july the bolts which they were to have st pier outfitted for radison was a craft of only fifty tons and

1:29:18both of the crew of only twelve men grossel ye's vessel the st an which carried his son Jean-Souart was still smaller and had fifteen men both crews consisted of freshwater sailors who tossed with wool and threatened mutiny when the boats rolled past the tidal bore of bell-eiled straight and began threading their way in and out of the tickles and fiords of the ribbed desolate rocky coast of labrador indeed when the ship stopped to take on water at a lonely hole in the wall on the labrador coast the mutiny would have flamed into open revolt but for the sale of a pirate ship that appeared on the horizon thereupon radison ships crowded sale to the wind and sped on up the coast what pirate ship this was maybe guest from what happened three weeks later

1:30:23early in september the two vessels reached the haze river which radison had named twelve years before and where he had set up the arms of the english king advancing fifteen miles upstream they chose a winter harbor leaving grossel ye to beach the boats and erect cabins radison and young john shuart canude farther up to the rendez-vous of the kree and the s-n a boin indians the indians were overjoyed to meet their traitor friend of long past years the white man's coming meant firearms and firearms insured invincible might over all foes oh young men be not afraid the sun is favorable to us our enemies shall fear us this is the man we have wished for since the days of our fathers shouted the chief of the esinaboynes as he danced and tossed arrows of thanks to the gods

1:31:30when the voyagers glided back downstream on the glass he current other sounds that those of indian chants greeted them the haze river as we have seen is divided from the nelson on the north by a swampy stretch of bushwood across the swamp boomed and rolled to the earth's donished years the reverberation of cannon was it the pirate ship seen off labrador or was it the coming of the english company straiters radison's canoe slipped past the crude fort that grossed celliers had erected and entered the open bay nothing was visible but the yellow sea chopped to white caps by the autumn wind when he returned to the fort he learned that cannonating had been heard from farther inland evidently the ships had sailed up the nelson river now across the maris

1:32:31between the two rivers lay a creek by which indian canoes from time immemorial had crossed taking a canoe and three of his best men radison paddled and portaged over the route to the nelson there on what is now known as seal or gillam island stood a crude new fort and anchored by the island lay a stout ship the bachelors delight cannons pointing from every port hole was it the pirate ship seen off labrador it took very little parling to ascertain that the ship was a poacher commanded by young bengellum a boston son of the company's captain come here on illicit trade with john outlaw and mike grimmington who later became famed semen as first and second mates radison took fate

1:33:31by the beard introduced himself to young gillam went on board the ship not however without first seeing that the two new englanders remained as hostages with his three frenchmen quave drinks observed that the ship was stout and well-maned advise benn not to risk his men too far from the fort among the indians and laughed with joyous contempt when benn fired cannon by way of testing the frenchman's courage there was enough to try radison's courage the very next day while gliding leisurely down the current of the nelson he saw it aband in the river the hutson's bay company ship prince rubbert commanded by his quantum enemy captain gillam sailing straight for the rondeville already occupied by benn gillam at any cost the two english ships must be kept

1:34:33apart and at once singly perhaps they could be mastered by the french together they would surely overpower radison it was nightfall landing and concealing his comrades radison kindled such a bonfire as indians use to signal trade the ship immediately anchored there was a comical meeting on the prince rubbert the next morning at which radison represented to the new governor john brigard who was on the ship with gillam that each of his three paddlers was a captain of large ambushed forces charity will perhaps excuse radison for his fabulous tales of a powerful french fort on the nelson and his disinterested observation that this river had a dangerous current higher up it appears that radison succeeded completely in deceiving the anguish man had they known how

1:35:39helpless he was with only a few rude shacks on the haze river garrisoned by 20 or 30 mute mess sailors surely they would have clapped him under hatches but he was permitted to leave the ship and brigard began the preparation of his winter quarters on the shore some days later radison came back his old enemy gillam was suspicious and ordered him away but radison came again and this time he brought with him the captain's son young ben dressed as a woodrunner this was enough to intimidate the old captain for he knew that if his son was caught poaching on the bay both father and son would be ruined one day two of the brigards men who had been ranging for game dashed in with the news that they had seen a strange fort up the nelson a few miles away this of course brigard thought was radison's fort and captain gillam did not dare to undissive him

1:36:47then a calamity befell the english winters a storm rose and set the title ice driving against the prince rubbert the ship was jammed and sunk with loss of provisions and 14 men including the captain himself so perished captain zekaraya gillam whom we first met as master of the nonsuch the pioneer of all the ships that have sent sailed into the bay in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company the wreck of the ship left brigard helpless in his rude fort without either food or ammunition and he at once began to console himself for loss of ship and provisions by deep drinking then radison knew that he had nothing further to fear from that quarter and he sent food to the starving englishmen ben gillam was outwitted through divinely accepting an

1:37:49invitation to visit the french fort gillam visited his rivals to spy on their weaknesses and openly taunted them at the banquet table about their helpless condition when he tried to depart he was coolly told that he was a prisoner and that with the aid of any nine frenchmen ben chose to pick out from the helpless french radison proposed capturing the porches fort and ship the uncapped and had fallen into a trap radison had left french hostages at gillam's fort for his safe return but these had been instructed to place firearms at convenient places and to post themselves so that they could prevent the sudden closing of the gates such precautions proved unnecessary radison walked into the new england poachers fort and quietly took possession a few days later, regard who had learned too late that the fort on

1:38:54the Nelson was not french but english marched his men upstream to contrive a junction with young gillam's forces when the Hudson's Bay men knocked on the gate of the new englanders fort for admission the sentinel opened without question the gate clapped shut with a slamming of bolts and the Englishmen found themselves quietly and bloodlessly captured by the intrepid radison meanwhile grossel dies and his son Jean-Shuart had been playing a thriving trade to be sure the ice jam of spring in the haze river had made radisons to coccleshell craft look more like staved-in barrels than merchant ships but in the spring when the ascent of winds and grease came riding down the river flood in vast brigades of birch canoes laid into the water

1:39:55line with beltry the frenchman had in store goods to barter with them and carry on a profitable trade radison now had more prisoners than he could conveniently carry to coccue back rigging up the remnants of his rickety ships for a convoy he placed in them the majority of the Hudson's Bay company and new england crews and sent them south to rupert and moose taking possession of ben gillem ship the bachelors delight he loaded it with a cargo of precious furs and set out for cobec with brigade and young gillem as prisoners Jean-Shuart and a dozen frenchmen remained on the haze river to trade 20 miles out from port brigade and young gillem were caught conspiring to cut the throats of the frenchman and hence forth both anglishmen were kept under lock and key in their cabins kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the

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1:42:08trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and help block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit jameshardy.com slash hardy backer but once again rathison had to encounter the governing bodies of Quebec the authorities of new france were enraged when they learned that les chezny had sent an expedition to the north sea in the meantime front nack had been replaced by another governor labar tax collectors beset the ships like rats long before quibbeck was cited and practically confiscated the cargo in fines and charges labar no doubt supposed that the treaty of peace existing between england and france gave him an excuse for seizing the cargo of furs

1:43:13at all events he ordered rathison and droselje to report at once to co bear in france he restored the bachelor's delight forthwith to bend gillum and gave him full clearance papers he released brigard the company's trader his stroke of statesmanship left the two french explorers literary beggard and when they reached paris in january 1684 co bear was dead but the old bend gillum secured his release from the governor of new france he did not escape the long hand of the hutsons bay company who had written from london to mr. Randolph of the american plantations to affect the arrest of bend gillum at any cost at the same time they sent Randolph a ten pound present of silver plate on reaching boston bend gillum was duly arrested he afterwards

1:44:20became a pirate and his ultimate fate was involved with that of the famous captain kid both were sent to england to be tried for crimes on the high seas and it is supposed that like kid bend suffered execution brigard suddenly freed from all danger as suddenly regained a sense of his own importance he made drafts on the company and set out for Quebec in the such state as befitted his dignity with secretary and interpreter and valet he rode hurriedly along the old post road between boston and new york filling the countryside with the story of his adventures then he took ship to england but their his valors suffered a sudden chill the company had refused to honor his bills they reputed it his drafts reprimanded him severely and suspended him from service

1:45:23for several years my grimmington and outlaw and the others who had been shipped down from Nelson to moose and rupert promptly took passage home to england on the company's yearly ship by the time raddison and growceliers reached paris europe was ringing with the outrage involved in their exploits raddison found small comfort in paris possibly co bearers death had deprived him of a sympathetic protector and the french court was as reluctant now to interfere with the actions of the colonial authorities at quibbek as it had been 20 years before after petitioning vainly for consideration growceliers seems to have given up the contest and retired for the remainder of his life to a small patrimony near three rivers not so raddison he was bound to the old world by

1:46:26marriage and now international complications came to bind him yet more completely it is impossible wrote louis the 14th to governor la bar to imagine what you mean by releasing gillems boat and relinquishing claim to the north sea at the same time louis was in a quandary he would not relinquish the french claim to the north sea but he dared not risk a rupture of his secret treaty with england by openly convincing raddison's exploit on the nelson river raddison was secretly ordered to go back to the bay and unofficially in his private capacity restore the nelson river fur post to the hudson's bay company the words of the order in part are to put an end to the differences between the two nations touching the settlements made by missier growcelier and

1:47:29raddison on hudson's bay the said growcelier and raddison shall return and withdraw the french with all effects belonging to them and shall restore to the english company the habitation by them settled to be enjoyed by the english without maulestation at the very same time that these royal orders sent raddison to restore the forts a privateering frigate was dispatched from France to co-back with equally secret orders to attack and sink english vessels on the bay the adventures of england two were involved in a game of international duplicity kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and help block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on

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1:49:37locking into long term costs kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and held block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit jameshardy.com slash hardy backer while mr young the fashionable man about town wrote letters imploring radison to come back to england sir james haze bombarded the french court with demands that the frenchman be punished i am confirmed he wrote in our worst fears miss you radison who was at the head of the action at port nelson is arrived in france the eighth of this month and is in all post haste to undermine us

1:50:40on the bay nothing can mend but to cause you french king to have exemplary justice done on ye said radison on may 10th 1684 radison arrived in london he was met by mr young and sir james haze and welcomed and forced with carried to winzer where he took the oath of fidelity as a british subject the company sunk a month before in the depths of despair were transported with joy and generous rejoicings and the governing committee voted mr young thanks for bringing mr radison from france two days after radison's arrival sir james haze and mr young reported to the company that mr radison had tendered his services to the company that they have represented him to our governor his royal highness who was pleased to advise he should again be received in service

1:51:45under wage of 50 pounds per annum and benefit of dividends on 200 pounds capital stock during life to receive 25 pounds to set him out for this present expedition on may 21st sir james haze reported that he had presented mr radison with a silver tankard charged to the company at 10 pounds 14 shillings radison returned to the bay on the happy return sailed by captain bond on the same ship went the new governor william fips who had been appointed to succeed brigade and a boy named Henry Kelsey of whom we shall hear more later outlaw who had been with bin gallam had a commission for the company and sailed the success his mate was mike grimmington also of the old poacher crew

1:52:46there was a slope to the adventure captain gayer for inland waters when radison arrived at the haze river and told john shuart who as we have seen had been left in charge of the french trade there of the looting of the fur cargo that cobec and of the order from the french king to transfer everything to the anguish the young frenchman's rage may be imagined he had risked his entire fortune on the expedition from cobec but what account did this back stairs trick of courtiers take of his rune radison told him that he had been commissioned to offer him 100 pounds a year for service under the anguish and 50 pounds each to his underling traders john listened to sullen silence the first gathered by the frenchman were transferred to the holds of the english

1:53:48vessels but john and his companions invents no eagerness to go aboard for england on september 4th just as the sailors were heaving up anchors to the sing song of a running chant fips the governor sum in the french to a final council on board the happy return young john looked out through the ports of the captains cabin the sea was slipping past the happy return had set sail the frenchman were trapped and were being carried to england in an instant hands were on swords and the ship was in an uproar radison besought his countrymen to rethink themselves before striking what could five men do against an armed english crew once in england they could listen to what the company had to offer meanwhile they were suffering no harm the frenchman solenly put back their swords the boat

1:54:50reached port smoth in the last week of october radison took horse and rode furiously for london if the adventurers had been exalted over his return from france they were doubly jubilant at his victorious return from the bay he was publicly thanked presented with a hundred guineas and became the line of the hour the governing committee on november 14th 1684 three weeks after radisons return voted that he had done extraordinary service to the great liking and satisfaction of the company the committee are resolved to bestow some mark of respect to the son of mr. growceliers and ordered twenty shillings a week paid him beginning october the thirtieth a present of seven muskwashkins was now given to mr. young for having induced radison to resume his services

1:55:55radison was requested to make terms with the young frenchman but this was not such an easy matter someone suggested that john shuart should follow the example of his uncle and marry an english wife john shrugged his shoulders in a letter to his mother at three rivers he wrote i am offered proposals of marriage to which i will not listen i would leave but they'd hold back my pay and orders have been given to arrest me in case i try cause it to be well known that i never intended to follow the english i have been forced to this by my uncle subterfuge a sure miss you do the loot of my humble services i will have the honor of seeing him as soon as i can tell the same to miss you perre and all our good friends to miss you comport he writes i will be at the place you desire me to go or perish as mr. do loot had been dispatched by the

1:57:01company of the north with the knowledge of the governor of gobeck to intercept indians going down to the english on hutsen bay and miss you perre and miss you comport were swab diplomats and spies in his service it may be guessed that the french past secret messages into the hands of young john shuart in london and that he passed messages back to them at all events from being doggly resistant to all overtures he suddenly became complacent in march of sixteen eighty five and took out papers of denonization or naturalization in preference to the oath of fidelity and engaged with the english company at one hundred pounds a year he was given another hundred pounds to fit him out and his four comrades were engaged at from forty five pounds to eighty

1:58:03pounds a year how could the gentleman of the company guess that young john was betraying them to the company of the north in canada where a mine was being laid to blow up their prosperity the hutsen bay company declared dividends of fifty percent and charted seven vessels for the season of sixteen eighty five some from a goldsmith sir steven evance and bespoke my lord Churchill as next governor in place of james duke of york who had become king james the second end of chapter five chapter six of the adventures of england on hutsen bay this is a lever box recording all

1:59:04lever box recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit leverbox.org reading done by jewels harlock of mississauga ontario canada the adventures of england on hutsen bay by agnesee lout chapter six the great overland raid the company now had permanent forts at rooper albony and moose rivers on james bay and at the mouth of haze river on the west coast the very year that Churchill was appointed governor and took his place at the board of the governing committee a small slupe had sailed as far north as Churchill or the river of the strangers to reconnoiter and fix the site for a post the fleet of trading vessels had increased even faster than the forts seven ships four frigates

2:00:11and three slupes were dispatched for the bay in 1685 radison young john and four frenchman went on the happy return with captain bond bound for nelson richard lucas commanded the owners goodwill captain outlaw with mike grimmington as mate took the big ship success destined for albony captain hume with smith send for mate took his cargo boat the merchant perpetuana the company did not own any of these vessels they were chartered from sir steven evads and others for sums running from four hundred to six hundred pounds for the voyage with an extra one hundred pounds for the impressed money the large vessels carried crews of twenty men the smaller of twelve and each craft boasted at least six great guns in march after violent debate over old

2:01:18brigards case the committee reinstated him at one hundred pounds a year as governor at rupert fips went on as governor to port nelson one nixon was already stationed at moose buff old henry sergeant as true of viking as ever rode the north seas had been at albony for a year with his family the first white family known to have resided on the bay radison had been reappointed super intending to trade over the entire bay and he recommended for this year twenty thousand five hundred extra flints five hundred extra ice chisels for trapping beaver above the waterfalls and several thousand extra yards of tobacco thereby showing the judgment of an experienced trader this spring the curious oaths of secrecy already mentioned were administered to all servants

2:02:21it may be inferred that the happy return and the perpetuana were the heaviest laden for they fell behind the rest of the fleet on the way out and were imbade along with outlaws success in the ice field off digs island in july it was the realm of almost continuous light in summer but there must have been fogs or thick weather for candles were lighted in the binacles and cabins and the gloom outside was so heavy that it was impossible to see ten feet away from the decks in the woolly night mist meanwhile the governor at albony henry sergeant awaited the coming of the yearly ships it may be guessed that he waited chuckling he and nixon who seemed to have been the only governors resident on the bay that summer must have felt great satisfaction they had outtricked

2:03:23the French and alopers one le martignet of the company of the north had sailed into the bay with two ships laden with cargo from Quebec for the fur trade and the two Hudson bay traders had manipulated matters so craftily that not an indian could the french find not appelt did le martignet obtain the french captain then required very particularly for his compatriot missus radisson missus radisson was safe in england one can see old sergeant's eyes twinkle beneath his shaggy brows le martignet swear softly a price is on missus radisson's head the french king had sent orders to missus de dennenville the governor of new france to arrest radisson and to pay 50 pastole is to anyone who seized him has his exlency missus sergeant seen one john paray

2:04:30kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and held block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit jameshardy.com slashhardy backer or one missus comport no missus sergeant has seen neither paray as his report has it nor comport le martignet sailed away and old sergeant sent his sentinel to the crow's nest a sort of loft or lighthouse built on the high hill behind the fort to hoist the signals for incoming boats and to run up the flag he had dispatched sanford or red cap one of his men a little way up the albany to bring him word of the coming of the indian canoes but this was not

2:05:38sanford coming back and these were not indian canoes coming down the albany river from the up country this was the long slow dip of white voyageurs not the quick choppy stroke of the indian and before sergeant could rub the amazement out of his eyes three white men with a blanket for sail came swirling down the current beach their canoe and doffing caps in debonair manner presented themselves before the hutsens bay man dowerly sitting on the cannon in the gateway the nonchalant gentlemen who introduced the others was jjan paray dressed as a wood runner voyaging and hunting in this back of the beyond for pleasure a long way to come for pleasure thought sergeant all the leagues and leagues from french camps on the lake superior but england and france were at peace the gentleman bore passports they were welcome to a fort breakfast and passed

2:06:42pretty compliments to madem sergeant and asked blandly after miss u radison's health and had the honor to express their most affectionate regard for friend john shu art now where might john shu art be sergeant did not satisfy their curiosity nor did he urge them to stay overnight they sailed galley on downstream to hunt in the cedar swamp south of albany that night while they slept the tide carried off their canoe back they had to come to the fort but meanwhile someone else had arrived there with a fluttering of the inside above the main mast and a clatter as the big sales came flopping down captain outlaw had come to anchor on the success and the tale that he told one can see the anger mount to old sergeant's eyes and the fear to john parays was that the merchant perpetuana off dig

2:07:48xion had been boarded and scuttled in the midnight gloom of july 27 by two french ships human smithsend had been overpowered fettard and carried off prisoners to quibbac mic grimnington too who seemed to have been on hume ship was a prisoner 14 of the crew had been bayoneted to death and thrown overboard outlaw did not know the later details of the raid how hume was to be sent home to france for ransom and mic grimnington was to be tortured to betray the secret signals of the bay and smithsend and the other angler semen to be sold into slavery in martinete ultimately all three were ransomed or escaped back to england but they heard strange threats of raid and overland forays as they lay imprisoned beneath the shatoul saint louis in quibbac fortunately radasen and

2:08:55the five frenchmen being on board the happy return had succeeded in escaping from the ice jam and were safe in nelson what john paray remarked on hearing this recital is not known possibly something not very complimentary about the plans of the french raiders going awry but the next thing is that mr jane parry as sergeant persists in describing him finds himself in the buttervat or prison of albany with feathers on his feet and handcuffs on his wrists on october the twenty-ninth he is sent prisoner to england on the homebound ships of bond and lucas his two companion spies are marooned for the winter on charlton island as well try however to maroon a bird on the wing as a french woodrunner the fmen fished and snared game so diligently that by

2:09:58September they had full store of provisions for escape then they made themselves a raft or canoe and crossed to the mainland by christmas they had reached the french camps of michelle and mac anac in another month they were in quibbac with wild tales of paray held prisoner in the dungeons of albany france in england were at peace but the chevelle de troy a french army officer and the brothers limoigne dare devil young adventures of new france as permission of the governor kubek to lead a band of woodrunners overland to rescue paray on the bay fire the english forts and massacre the english rumours of these raids smith send herde in his dungeon below shadow saint lewee and he could try to send a secret letter to england warning the company in england the adventures

2:11:02had lodged parry in jale on charge of having identified the company smith sends letter of warning but how could the company reach their forts before the ice cleared meanwhile they hired 20 extra men for each fort they presented radison with a hogs head of clary at the same time they had him and his wife dwelling at the end of seething lane on tower hill signed a bond for two thousand pounds by way of ensuring fidelity ye two journals of mr radison's last expedition to yebe were delivered into the hands of the company where they have rested to this day the rancum demanded for humus paid by the company at secret sessions of the governing committee and the captain came post haste from france with word of lambartini's raid my lord church will being england's champion

2:12:06against those varmuth the french my lord church will was presented with a cat skin counter pain for his bed and was asked to be speak the favor of the king that france should make restitution my lord church will brought back word that the king said gentlemen i understand your business on my honor i assure you i will take particular care on it to see that you are righted in all 89 men were on the bay at this time it proved not easy to charter ships that year sir steven evants advanced his price on the happy return from four hundred to seven hundred and fifty pounds night of whom we shall hear anon and red cap sanford of whom the minutes do not tell enough to inform us whether the name refers to his heir or his hat urge the governing committee to send a

2:13:07at least eighteen more men to albony twelve more to moose six more to rooper and to open a trading post at seven between nelson and albony they advised against attempting to go up the rivers while french interlopers were active rathason brought nine hundred muskets for nelson in order two great guns to be mounted on the walls when smiths and arrived from imprisonment in quibbac war fever the french rose to white eat but while all this preparation was in course at home sixty six swarthy indians and thirty three french woodrunners led by chivali detroy the limoine brothers and les chesne the fur trader were threading the deeply forested wild hinterland between quibbac and hutsen bay

2:14:09on june eighteen sixteen eighty six mousse fort had shut all its gates but the sleepy centry lying in his blanket across the entrance had not trouble to load the cannon he slept heavily outside the high palisade made of pickets eighteen feet long securing the thought that twelve soldiers lay in one of the corner bastions and that three thousand pounds of powder were stored in another with all lights out and seemingly in absolute security the chief factors store and house built of white war stone stood in the center of the inner courtyard two white men dressed as indians the young limoine brothers not yet twenty six years of age slipped noiselessly from the woods behind the fort careful not to crunch their moccasins on dead branches took a look at the sleeping

2:15:09centry and plugged mouths of the unloaded cannon and as noiselessly slipped back to their comrades in hiding each man was armed with musket sword dagger and pistol he carried no have her sack but a single blanket rolled on his back with dried meat and biscuit enclosed the raiders slipped off their blankets and coats and sleeping heavily at the fort gate one quick sure sabre stroke cleft this sluggards head to the collarbone a moment later the whole hundred raiders were sweeping over the walls a gunner sprang up with a shout from his sleep a single blow on the head and one of the limoins had put the fellow to sleep forever in less than five minutes the French were masters of moose fort at the cost of only two lives

2:16:15with booty of twelve cannon and three thousand pounds of powder and with a dozen prisoners while the old chivaldi de toy paused to rig up a sailing slute for the voyage across the bottom of James Bay to Rupert River Pierre Lemoine known in history as Deer Verville with eight men set out in canoes on June 27 for the Hudson's Bay fort on the southeast corner of the inland sea crossing the first gulf or Hannah Bay he portaged with his men across the swampy flats into Rupert Bay thus saving a day's detour and came on poor old brigards slupe near the fort at Rupert sales rift anchor out rocking gently to the night tide Deer Verville was up the hull and over the deck with a quiet stealth and

2:17:15quickness of a cat one sword blow severed the sleeping sentinels head from his body then with a stamp of his moccasin feet and the ramp of the butt of his musket Deer Verville awakened the sleeping crew below decks by way of putting the fear of god and the France into English hearts he sabred the first three sailors who came floundering up the hatches poor old brigard came up in his night shirt hardly awake both hands up in surrender his second surrender in four years to wake up to bloody decks with the heads of dead men rolling to the scuppers was enough to excuse any man surrender the noise on the ship had forewarned the fort and the French had to gain entrance there to by ladders with these they ascended to the roofs of the houses and hurled down bombs and grenades kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade

2:18:23pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and help block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit jameshardy.com slashhardybacker through the chimneys with says the historian of the occasion an effect most admirable most admirable indeed for an English woman hiding in the room closet fell screaming with a broken hip the fort surrendered and the French were masters of rupert with 30 prisoners and a ship to the good what all this had to do with the rescue of john perry would puzzle anyone but a rating fur trader with prisoners ship cannon and ammunition but with few provisions for food the French now set

2:19:28sail westward across the bay for albany less as nay no doubt bearing in mind that the large quantity of beaver stored there would compensate him for his losses at Nelson two years before when the first collected by john shu art on behalf of the company of the north had been seized by the English the wind proved perverse ice flows driving towards the south end of the bay delayed the loops again pier limoing deeperville could not constrain patience to await the favor of the wind and the weather with crews of voyagers he pushed off from the ship in two canoes fog fell the ice proof brashy soft to each step and the men slithered through the water up to the armpits as they carried the canoes deeperville could keep his men together only by firing guns through the

2:20:30fog and holding hands in a chain as the two crews portaged across the soft ice by august first the French voyagers were in camp before albany and a few days later detroy arrived with the prisoners and the big slupe before albany captain outlaw ship the success stood anchored but the ship seemed deserted and the fort was fast sealed like an oyster in a shell Indians had evidently carried warning of the raid to sergeant and captain outlaw had withdrawn his crew inside the fort lomoians acting as scouts soon discovered that albany boasted 43 guns if Jean-Périé were prisoner here in durance vile his rescue would be a harder matter than the capture of moose or rooper if the French had but known it bedlam reigned inside the fort while the English had guns they

2:21:37had very little ammunition gunners threw down their fuses and refused to stand up behind the cannon till old sergeant drove them back with his sword hilt men on the walls threw down muskets and declared that while they had signed to serve they had not signed to fight and if any of us lost the leg the company could not make it good the cheveye de troy with banners flying and fife thrilling marched forward and under flag of truce poppously demanded in the name of the most Christian monarch Louis XIV king of France the instant release of missur Jean-Périé old sergeant sent out word that mr. parry had long since sailed for France by way of england this however did not abate the demands of the most Christian king of France bombs began to sing overhead brigard came under flag

2:22:44of truce to sergeant and told him the French were desperate it was a matter of life and death they must take the fort to obtain provisions for the return to Quebec if it were surrendered mercy would be exercised if taken forcibly no power could restrain the Indians from massacre sergeant as has been explained before had his family in the fort just that this moment one of the gunners committed suicide from sheer terror and captain outlaw came from the powder magazine with the report that there was not another ball to fire before sergeant could prevent it an underling had waived a white sheet from one of the upper windows in surrender the old traitor took two bottles of port opened the fort gates walked out and sat down on a french cannon while he partied with detroy for the best terms obtainable the english officers and their families were

2:23:49allowed to retire on one of the small ships to charlotte an island to await the coming of the companies yearly bolts when the hungry french rushed into the fort they found small store of food but an enormous loot of furs the season was advancing the chevier detroy paid his men disband and find their way as best they could to Quebec only enough english prisoners were retained to carry the loot of fur back overland the rest were turned adrift in the woods a 50 prisoners only 20 survived the winter of 1686 to 87 some perished while trying to trampt northward to Nelson and some died in the woods after a vain endeavor to save their miserable lives by cannibalism the english flag still flew at Nelson but the french were masters of every other post on the bay

2:24:54end of chapter 6 chapter 7 of the adventurers of england on Hudson Bay this is a libravox recording all libravox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit libravox.org recording by ester the adventurers of england on Hudson Bay by agnus c-lout chapter 7 years of disaster in spider french raid and foray the governing committee in london pursued the even tenor of its way strict measures were enforced to stop illicit and clandestine trading on the part of the company's servants in a minute of november second 1687 the committee taking notice that several of the officers and servants have brought home in their coats and other garments several pieces of fur's to the great prejudice of the committee do order that such as have any garments

2:25:58lined with fur's shall forthwith bring the same to the warehouse and there leave all the same fur's or in default shall forfeit and lose all salary and be liable to such prosecution as the committee think fit silent anger and resentment grew against radisson for was it not he who had revealed the secrets of the great bay to morade frenchman sergeant was sued twenty thousand pounds damages for surrendering albony but on second thought the case was settled by arbitration and the doubty old trader was awarded three hundred and fifty pounds john coart and the other frenchman came back to london in sixteen eighty nine and john was awarded two hundred and two pounds for all arrears also about this time the company began trade with north russia in well blubber which like the furs was auctioned by light of candle William of orange was welcomed to the throne in sixteen eighty eight

2:26:59with an address from the adventurers that would have put Henry VIII's parliament to the blush that in all your undertakings your majesty may be as victorious as Caesar as beloved as tightess and have the glorious reign and peaceful end of his majesty Augustus three hundred guineas were presented along with this address in a fair and broid repurs by the honorable the deputy governor upon his humble knees for pushing claims of damages against france sir Edward daring the deputy governor was voted two hundred guineas stock forfeited for breaking oaths of secrecy was voted to a fund for the wounded and widows of the service the companies servants were put on the same pensions as soldiers in the national service hence forth one pipe of brandy was to go on each vessel for use during war but in spite of pipes of brandy the seamen were now very mutinous about going aboard and demanded pay in advance which with fair words doth a la anger it was a difficult

2:28:04matter now to charter ships the company had to buy vessels and it seems there was a scarcity of ready money for one minute records that the tradesmen are very important for their bills many new shareholders had come into the company and Esquire Young had great ado to convince them that Rarissa had any rightful claim on them at all Rarissa for his part went to law and the arrears of dividends were ordered to be paid but when the war waxed hotter there were no dividends then Esquire Young's petitions set forth that em Rarissa is living in a mean and poor condition when the Frenchman came asking for consideration he was not invited into the committee room but was left cooling his heels in the outer hall but the years rolled on and when during the negotiation of the treaty of ricewick in 1697 the company pressed a claim of two hundred thousand pound damages

2:29:04against France the committee considering Mr. Peter Rarissa may be very useful at this time as to affairs between the French and this committee the secretary is ordered to take coach and fetch him to the committee on which the company had discourse with him till dinner the discourse given in full in the minutes was the setting forth on affidavit that the secret royal order from the king of France in 1684 to restore the forts on the bay to England meanwhile amounts of 250 pounds were voted widows of captains killed in the war and the deputy governor went to hamburger gan Amsterdam to borrow money for the governor so Stephen Evans was well-knight bankrupt kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and held block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best

2:30:08build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit jameshardy.com slash hardy backer a treaty of neutrality in 1686 had provided that the bay should be held in common by France and England but the fur traders of new France were not content to honor such an ambiguous arrangement deeberville came overland again to rupert river in 1687 and promptly seized the English slupe there and sent four men across to charlotte in island to spy on captain bond who was wintering on the ship Churchill bond clapped the French spies under hatches but in the spring one was permitted above decks to help the English sailors launch the Churchill from her skids the Frenchman waited till six of the English were up the masts then seizing an axe he brained two sailors nearby opened the hatches called up his comrades and keeping the other

2:31:10Englishman up the mass pulls at pistol point steered the vessel across to deeberville at rupert the English on their side like the French were not disposed to remain inert under the terms of the treaty captain moon sailed down from Nelson with two strongly manned ships to attempt the recapture of albony at the moment when he had loaded a cargo of furs from the half abandoned fort on one of his vessels deeberville came paddling across the open sea with a force of painted Indian warriors the English dashed for hiding inside the fort and deeberville galey mounted to the decks of the furlady ship raised sail and steered off for Quebec meeting the incoming fleet of English vessels he threw the moth guard by hoisting an English flag and sailed on in safety when France and England were again openly at war the moine deeberville was occupied with raids on new England

2:32:10and during his absence from the bay Mike Gimmington who had been promoted to a captaincy came sailing down from Nelson to find albony in the possession of four Frenchmen under captain Lemieux he sacked the fort clapped Lemieux and his men in the hold of his English vessel carried them off to England and presented them before the governing committee captain Mike was giving a tankard valued at thirty six pounds for his services at the same time captain edgcomb brought home a cargo of twenty two thousand beavers from Nelson and was rewarded twenty pounds worth of silver plate and a hundred pounds in cash meanwhile our friend Jean-Père who had escaped to France was writing letters to rarison trying to tempt him to leave England or perhaps to involve him in a parlay that would undermine his standing with the English Gimmington's successful foray encouraged the adventurers of England to make a desperate effort to recapture all the forts on the

2:33:13bay James Knight who had started as an apprentice under sergeant was sent to albony as governor and three trusted men Walsh Bailey and Kelsey were sent to Nelson once came the largest cargo is a furs but deeberville was not the man to let his winnings slip once more he turned his attention to Hudson Bay and on September 24 1694 the French frigates Paulie and Salamander were unloading cannon under his direction beneath the ramparts of Nelson for three weeks without ceasing day or night bombs were singing over the eighteen foot palisades of the fort from within Walsh Kelsey and Bailey made a brave defense they poured scalding water on the heads of the Frenchman and Indians who ventured to near the walls from the sugar loaf tower roofs of the corner bastions their sharp shooters were able to pick off the French assailants while keeping in safety themselves

2:34:15they killed Chateau Agui deeberville's brother as he tried to force his way into the fort through a rear wall but the wooden towers could not withstand the bombs and at length both sides were ready to parlay for terms with the hope that they might save their furs the English hung out a tablecloth as a flag of truce and the exhausted fighters seized the opportunity to eat and sleep the weather had turned bitterly cold no ship could come from England till spring under these conditions Walsh made the best bargain he could it was agreed that the English officers should be lodged in the fort and should share the provisions during the winter deeberville took possession and again only one post on the bay albony in charge of James night remained in English hands on the miseries of the English prisoners that winter there is no time to dwell deeberville had departed leaving La Forrest one of his men in command the terms of the surrender were ignored

2:35:18only four officers were maintained in the fort and given provisions the rest of the English were driven to the woods those who hung around the fort were treated as slaves out of the 53 only 25 survived no English ship came to Nelson in the following summer 1695 kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and held block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit Jameshardy.com slashhardybacker the ship that anchored there that summer was a French privateer and in her hold some of the English survivors were stowed and carried to France for ransom in august 1696 however

2:36:22to English warships the Bonneventure and the C-4th commanded by captain Alan anchored before Nelson La Forrest capitulated almost on demand and again the English with Nelson in their hands were virtually in possession of the bay Alan made prisoners of the whole garrison and seized 20,000 beaver peltz while the Bonneventure and the C-4th lay in front of the fort two ships of France in command of Céronnier one of Deberville's brothers with the provision for La Forrest sailed in and on site of the English ships sailed out again to the open sea so hurriedly indeed that one of the craft struck an ice-flow split and sank as Alan's two English vessels on their return journey passed into the straits during a fog a volley of shot poured across the deck and laid the captain dead on the spot the ship once this volley came was not seen there is no

2:37:22further record of the incident and we can only surmise that the shot came from Céronnier's remaining ship what is certain is that Alan was killed and that the English ships arrived in England with an immense cargo of furs which went to the company's warehouse and with French captives from Nelson who were lodged in prison at port smith the French prisoners were finally set free and made their way to France with the story of their wrongs aroused great indignation Deberville who was now in Newfoundland carrying havoc from Hamlet to Hamlet was the man best fitted to revenge the outrage five French warships were made ready the Pelican the Palmier the Profund the Violent and the Wasp in April 1697 these were dispatched from France to Placentia Newfoundland there to be taken in command by Deberville with orders to proceed to Hudson Bay and leave not a vestige remaining of the English fur trade in the north meanwhile preparations were being made in England to dispatch a

2:38:28mighty fleet to drive the French forever from the bay three frigates were bought and fitted out the daring Captain Grimington the Hudson's Bay captain Smith's send and the Hampshire captain Fletcher each with guns and sixty fighting men in addition to the regular crew these ships were to meet the enemy sooner than was expected in the last week of August 1697 the English fleet lay at the west end of Hudson's straight be fogged and surrounded by ice suddenly the fog lifted and revealed to the astonished Englishman Deberville's fleet of five French warships the Palmier to the rear back in the straits the Wasp and the Violent out in open water to the west the Pelican flying the flag of the admiral to the four and free from the ice and the profund ice jammed and within an easy shooting range the Hudson's Bay ships at once opened fire on the profund but

2:39:28this only loosened the ice and let the French ship escape Deberville's aim was not to fight a naval battle but to secure the fort at Nelson accordingly spreading the Pelican sail to the wind he steered south west leaving the other ships to follow his example ice must have obstructed him for he did not anchor before Nelson till September 3rd the place was held by the English and he could find no sign of his other ships he waited two days loading cannon furbishing muskets drilling his men of whom a great many were French woodrunners sick with scurvy on the morning of the fifth the lookout called down a sail never doubting but that sail belonged to one of his own ships Deberville hoisted anchor and fired cannon and welcome no answering shot signaled back there were sales of three ships now and Deberville saw three English men of war racing over the waves to meet him while shouts of wild welcome came thundering from the hostile fort to his rear

2:40:32Deberville did not swerve in his course nor waste ammunition by firing shots at targets at a range 40 of his soldiers lay in their berth disabled by scurvy but he quickly mustered 150 able bodied men and ordered ropes to be stretched for hand hold across the slippery decks the gunners below stripped naked behind the great cannon men were marshaled ready to board and rush the enemy when the ships locked the hamptor undercapped in flutcher with 52 guns and 60 fighting men first came up within range and sent two roaring cannon aides that mowed the mass and wheelhouse from the pelican down to bare decks at the same time grimmington's daring and smithens hudson's bay circled to the other side of the french ship and poured forth a pepper of muscatry kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement

2:41:35party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and held block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit james hearty dot com slash hearty backer deeper bowl showed at orders to the gunners to fire straight into the hamptor's hull sharp shooters were to break the decks of the two offstanding English ships and the Indians were to stand ready to board two hours passed and sideline and shifting then the death grapple began ninety dead and wounded Frenchman ruled on the pelicans bloodstained decks the fallen sails were blazing the masked poles were splintered railings went smashing into the sea the bridge crumbled the pelicans pro had been shot away deeper bill was still shouting to his gunners to fire low when suddenly the hamptor seized firing and tilted deeper bill had barely

2:42:41time to unlock the pelican from the death grapple when the English frigate lurched and amid hiss and wore a flame in a wild sea sank like a stone engulfing her panic stricken crew almost before the French could realize what had happened smith sand at once surrendered the Hudson's Bay and Mike Grimmington fled for Nelson on the daring a fierce hurricane now rose and the English garrison at Nelson had one hope left that the wild storm might wreck deeperville ship and its absent convoys smashing billows and ice completed the wreck of the pelican nevertheless the French commander succeeded in landing his men when the storm cleared his other ships came limping to his aid Nelson stood back four miles from the sea but by September 11th the French had their cannon placed under the walls a messenger was sent to demand surrender and he was conveyed with bandaged eyes into the fort Grimmington footnote Grimmington with the daring had reached

2:43:48the fort in safety smith sand's captive ship the Hudson's Bay had been wrecked with the pelican but he himself had escaped to the fort and footnote Grimmington smith sand barely Kelsey all were for holding out but deeperville's brother Serenie came in under flag of truce and bade them think well what would happen if the hundred Indians returned loose on the fort finally the English surrendered and marched out with the honors of whore Grimmington sailed for England with as many of the refugees as his ship the daring could convey the rest led by bayley and smith sand marched overland south to the fort at Albany the loss of Nelson fell heavily on the Hudson's Bay company their ships were not paid for dividends stopped stock dropped in value but still they borrowed money to pay twenty pounds each to the sailors the treaty of Reiswick which halted the war with France provided that possession on the bay should remain as at the time of the treaty

2:44:53and England held only Albany and of chapter seven chapter eight of the adventures of England on Hudson's Bay this is a Libravox recording all Libravox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit Libravox.org reading done by Jules Harlock of Mrs. Saga Ontario Canada the adventures of England on Hudson's Bay by Agnes C. Lout chapter eight expansion and exploration when the House of Orange came to the throne it was deemed necessary that the companies monopoly originally granted by the stewards should be confirmed nearly all the old shareholders

2:45:57who had been friends of the stewards sold out and in 1697 the year of the disaster related in the last chapter the company applied for an extension of its royal charter by act of parliament the fur buyers of London opposed the application on the grounds that one the charter conferred arbitrary powers to which a private company had no right to the company was a mere stock job being concerned of no benefit to the public three beaver was sold at an extortionate advance bought at six pennies and sold at six shillings four the English claimed to a monopoly drove the Indians to the French five nothing was done to carry out the terms of the charter in finding a northwest passage all this however did not answer the great question if the company retired from

2:47:01the bay who or what was to resist the encroachment of the French this consideration saved the situation for the adventures kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and help block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and florida core stores for more information visit jameshardy.com slash hardy backer their charter was confirmed the opposition to the extension of the charter compelled the company to show what it had been doing in the way of exploration and the journey of Henry Kelsey the London apprentice boy to the country of the Ascina boys was put on file in the company records

2:48:04Kelsey had not at first fitted in very well with the martinette rules of fort life at Nelson and in 1690 after a switching for some breach of discipline he had jumped over the walls and run away with the Indians where he went on his first trip is not known sometime before the spring of the next year an Indian runner brought word back to the port from Kelsey on condition of pardon he was willing to make a journey of exploration inland the pardon was readily granted and the youth was supplied with equipment accordingly on july 15 1691 Kelsey left the camping place of the Ascina boys thought to be the modern split lake and with some Indian hunters set off overland on foot it is difficult to follow his itinerary for he employs only Indian names in his narrative

2:49:09he traveled 500 miles west of split lake presumably without touching on the Saskatchewan or the Churchill for his journal gives not the remotest hint of these rivers we are there for led to believe that he must have traversed the semi-barren country west of lock dubrushay or reindeer lake as it is called on the map he encountered vast herds of what he called buffalo though his description reminds us more of the muskawk of the barren land than of the buffalo he describes the summer as very dry and game is very scarce on the first part of the trip and this also applies to the half barren lands west of reindeer lake hair breath escapes were not lacking on the trip of the boy explorer once completely exhausted from a swift march Kelsey fell asleep on the trail when he awoke there was not a sign of the

2:50:13straggling hunters Kelsey waited for nightfall and by the reflection of the fires in the sky found his way back to the camp of his companions at another time he awoke to find the high dry grass all about him in flames and his musket stock blazing once he met two grizzly bears at close quarters the bears had no required instinct of danger from powder and stood ground the Indians dashed for trees Kelsey fired twice from behind bunched willows wounded both broods and one for himself the name of honor little giant joining the main camp of a centa-boins at the end of august Kelsey presented the Indian chief with a lace coat a cap guns knives and powder and invited the tribe to go down to the bay the expedition won Kelsey instant promotion

2:51:15our old friend ratican from the time we last saw him when the committee had discourse with him till dinner lived on in london receiving a quarterly allowance of 12 pounds 10 shillings from the company occasional gratuities for his services and presence of first to madham ratican are also recorded the last entry of the payment of his quarterly allowance is dated march 29 1710 then on July 12 comes a momentous entry the secretary is ordered to pay mr. ratican's widow as charity the sum of six pounds at sometime between march 29th and july 12th the ill pathfinder has set out on his last journey small profit his heirs reap for his labors 19 years later September 24th 1729 the secretary

2:52:17was again ordered to pay the widow of peter ratican ten pounds as charity she being very ill and in great want meanwhile hostilities had been resumed between france and england but the treaty of utrek in 1713 brought the game of war again to a pause and restored huts and bay to england the company received back all its forts on the bay but the treaty did not define the boundaries to be observed between the fur traders of kuebec pressing north and the fur traders of the bay pressing south and this unsettled point proved a source of friction in after years after the treaty the adventures deemed it wise to strengthen all their forts moose albany and nelson and two other forts recently established henley house and east main were equipped with stone bastions and when

2:53:22Churchill was built later where monk the dain had wintered its walls of solid stone were made stronger than kuebecs and it was mounted with enough large guns to withstand a siege of european fleets of that day the company now regularly sent ships to russia and from russia the adventures must have heard of peter the greats planned to find the north passage the finding of the passage had been one of the reasons for the granting of the charter and the fur buyer's petition against the charter had set forth that small effort had been made in that direction now at Churchill Richard norton and his son moses servants of the company had heard strange rumors from the indians of a region of rare metals northwest inland all these things the governor on the bay james night pondered as he cruised up and down from albany to Churchill then the goal fever

2:54:27beset the company they sent for night he was commissioned on june 3rd 1719 to seek the north west passage and incidentally to look for rare minerals four ships were in the fleet that sailed for huts and bay this year night went on the albany with captain barlow and fifty men he waited only long enough at Churchill to leave provisions then with the discovery captain vaughan as convoy he sailed north on the albany on his ship were iron bound caskets to carry back the precious metals of which he dreamed and the framework for houses to be erected for wintering on the south sea kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and help block

2:55:30moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit jameshardy.com slashhardybacker with him went iron foragers to work in the metals and the whalers from dundee to chase the silver bottoms of the Pacific and a surgeon to whom was paid the extraordinary salary of fifty pounds on account of the unusual peril of the voyage. what became of night from the time he left Churchill his journal ceases another three score lives paid in the toll to the insatiable sea no word came back in the summer of 1720 and the adventures had begun to look for him to return by way of asia then three years passed a no

2:56:30word of night or his precious metals kelsie crews north on the prosperous in 1719 and handcalk on the success in 1720. napar and scrogs and crow on other ships on to 1736 but never at trace did they find of the arganauts norton wailing in the north in 1726 heard disquieting rumors from the indians but it was not till her and went among the eskimos almost fifty years later that night's faith became known his ships had been totally wrecked on the east point of marble island that white block of granite bear as a gravestone out of the wave beaten wreckage the eskimos saw a house arises if by magic the savages fled in terror from such a mystery and winter the terrible hard

2:57:31cutting cold of hyperborean storm raged on the bear unsheltered island when the eskimos came back in the summer of 1720 a great many graves had been scooped among the drift sands and boulders the survivors were plainly starving for they fell ravenously on the eskimos putrid whale meat the next summer only two demented men were alive they were clad in rabbit and fox skins their hair and beards had grown unkempt and they acted like maniacs again the superstitious eskimos fled in terror next summer when the savages came down to the coast no white men were alive the wolves had scraped open a score of graves it may be stated here that before 1759 the books on the Hudson Bay Company showed 100,000 pounds spent in bootless searching and voyaging for the mythical north west passage

2:58:40nevertheless study chair explorers who adjurneyed round the world on a map continued to accuse the company of purposely refusing to search for the passage for fear of disturbing its monopoly so violent did the pamphleteers grow that they forced the parliamentary inquiry in 1749 into the company's charter and the company's record and what saved the company then as in 1713 was the fact that the adventurers were the great bulwark against French aggression from Quebec Arthur Dobbs a gentleman and a scholar had roused the admiralty to send two expeditions to search for the northwest passage it is unnecessary for history to concern itself with the tempest in a tea-bought that raged around these expeditions perhaps the company did not behave at all too well

2:59:41when their own captain Middleton resigned to conduct the first one on the furnace bomb and the discovery to the bay perhaps wrong signals in the harbor did lead the searchers ships to bad anchorage at any rate Arthur Dobbs announced in hysterical fury that the company had bribed Middleton with 5,000 pounds not to find the passage Middleton had come back in 1742 saying bluntly in sailor fashion that there was no passage and never would be at once the Dobb faction went into a frenzy baseless charges were hurled about with the freedom of bombs in battle parliament was roused to offer a reward of 20,000 pounds for the discovery of the passage and the indefatigable organized an opposition trading company with a capital of 10,000 pounds and petitioned parliament

3:00:44for the exclusive trade the Dobbs Galley captain Moon and the California captain Smith with the shark under Middleton as convoy for part of the way went out in 1746 with Henry Ellis agent for Dobbs aboard the result of the voyage need not be told there was the usual struggle with the ice jams in the north off Chesterfield inland the usual suffering from scurvy something was accomplished on the exploration of Fox channel but no northwest passage was found a fact that told in favor of the company when the parliamentary inquiry of 1749 came on in the end an influence stronger than the pure oil frenzy of Arthur Dobbs forced the company to unwanted activity in inland exploration la ve rondre the French Canadian and his sons had come from the St Lawrence inland and

3:01:51before 1750 had established trading posts on the red river on the Ascena boin and on this Saskatchewan after this fewer furs came down to the bay it was now clear that if the Indians would not come to the adventurers the adventurers must go to the Indians as a beginning one Anthony Hendry Kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and held block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit jameshardy.com slashhardybacker a boy outlawed from the aisle of white for smuggling

3:02:52was permitted to go back with the Ascena boins from Nelson in June 1754 Hendry's attennery is not difficult to follow the Indian place names used by him are the Indian place names used today by the Ascena boins 400 pathlers man the big brigade of canoes which he accompanied inland to the modern Oxford lake and from Oxford to cross lake the latter name explains itself voyagers could reach the Saskatchewan by coming on down westward through play green lake to lake Winnipeg or they could save the long detour around the north end of lake Winnipeg 100 miles at least and a dangerous stretch because of the rocky nature of the coast and the big waves of the shallow lake by portaging across to that chain of swamps and nameless lakes leading down to the expansion of the Saskatchewan known under the modern name of the

3:03:59pa. It is quite plain that Andres narrative that the second course was followed for he came to the river on which the French have two forts without touching lake Winnipeg and he gave his distance as 500 miles from York which would bring him by way of Oxford and cross lakes precisely at the pa throughout this narrative Nelson the name of the port and the river is generally used instead of York the name of the fort or factory the Saskatchewan is here best described as an elongated swamp 300 miles by 70 for the current of the river proper loses itself in countless channels through red-grown swamps and turquoise lakes where the white pelicans stand motionless as rocks and the wild birds gather together in flocks that darken the sky and have no fear of man between lake Winnipeg and Cumberland Lake one can literally paddle for a

3:05:07week and barely find a dry spot big enough for a tent among the myriad lakes and swamps and rivers channels overwashing the dank goose grass through these swamps runs the limestone cliffs known as the Pasquia Hills a brief lift of the swampy skyline in a wooded ridge on this ridge is Pau Fort all the romance of the most romantic era in the west clings to the banks of the Saskatchewan Keese Saskatchewan Ceepe Swift angrily flowing waters as the Indians call it with its countless unmapped lakes and its countless unmapped islands up and down its broad current from time immemorial flitted the war canoes of the Cree like birds of prey to plunder the black feet or horse Indians between these high steep banks came the voyagers of the old fur companies Tiang Tiang

3:06:13in monotonous sing song day and night tracking the clumsy york boats upstream all away from tide water to within sight of the Rocky Mountains up these waters with rapids so numerous that one loses count of them came doutey traders of the company with the swiftest paddlers the west has ever known the gentleman in cocked hats and silk lined over cape with knee buckled breaches and ruffles at risk and throat had a habit of tucking his sleeves up and dipping his hand in the water over the gunnels if the ripple did not rise from knuckles to elbow he forced speed with a shout up up my men up up and gave orders for the regale to go around or for the crews to shift or for the highland pipers to set the bagpipes sterling hither then came Henry from the bay the first

3:07:15anglishment to ascend the Saskatchewan the mosquitoes are intolerable he writes we came to the french to frenchman came to the waterside and invited me into their house one told me his master and men had gone down to Montreal with furs that he must detain me till his return but little bear my Indian leader only smiled and said they dare not somewhere between the north and south branches of the Saskatchewan hendres a synaboints met Indians on horseback the black feet or archithin ues as he calls them the black feet Indians tell us today that the a synaboint and crease used to meet the black feet to exchange the trade of the bay at wittaski win the hill of peace this exactly agrees with the itinerary described by henry after they crossed the south branch in september and

3:08:22struck up into the eagle hills winter was passed in hunting between the points where calgary and edmonton now stand henry remarks on the outcropping of coal on the north branch the same outcropping can be seen today in the high banks below edmonton it was on october 14th that henry was conveyed to the main black feet camp the leaders tent was large enough to contain 50 persons he received us seated on a buffalo skin attended by 20 elderly men he made signs for me to sit down on his right hand which i did our leaders the a synaboints set several great pipes going the rounds and we smoked according to their custom not one word was spoken smoking over boiled buffalo flesh was

3:09:23served in baskets of bent wood i was presented with ten buffalo tongues my guide informed the leader i was sent by the grand leader who lives on the great waters to invite his young men down with their furs they would receive in return powder shot guns and cloth he made little answer said it was far off and his people could not paddle we were then ordered to depart to our tents which we pitched a quarter of a mile outside their lines the chief told me his tribe never wanted food as they followed the buffalo but he was informed the natives who frequented the settlements often starved on their journey which was exceedingly true henry gave his position for the winter as 810 miles west of york or between the sites of modern edmonton and battle ferd everywhere he presented gifts to

3:10:24the indians to induce them to go down to the bay on the way back to york the explorers canoed all the way down this is sketch one and henry paused at fort le corn halfway down to lake winna pig the banks were high high as the Hudson river ramparts and like those of the Hudson heavily wooded trees and hills were intense as green and everywhere through the high banks for a hundred miles below what is now Edmonton bulged great seams of coal the river gradually widened until it was as broad as the Hudson at new york or the St. Lawrence at Quebec hawks shrieked from the top most bows of popplers ashore whole colonies of black eagles nodded and babbled and screamed from the long sandbars wolf tracks dotted the soft mud of the shore and sometimes what looked

3:11:28like a group of dogs came down to the bank watched the boatman land and loped off these were coyotes of the prairie again and again as the brigades drew in for nooning to the least side of some willow grown island black tailed deer leaped out of the bush almost over their heads and at one bound we're in the midst of a tangled thicket that opened a magic way for their flight from henries winter camp to lake winna pig a distance of almost a thousand miles a good hunter could then as now keep himself in food summer and winter with a small labor most people have a mental picture of the plains country as flat prairie with sluggish winding rivers such a picture would not be true of this is gachwan from end to end of the river for only one interval is the course

3:12:28straight enough and are the banks low enough to enable the traveler to see an align for eight miles the river is a continual succession of half circles hills to the right with the stream curbing into a shadowy lake or swarving out again in a bend to the low left or a high walls sandstone bluffs to the left sending the water wandering out to the low silt shore on the right not river over a thousand islands like the saint Lawrence but river of countless islands the Saskatchewan should be called more ideal hunting ground could not be found the hills here partly wooded and in the valley's nestle lakes literally black with wildfowl bitter that rise heavy winged and furry with boom gray geese holding political caucus with raucous screeching of the honking ganders

3:13:29black duck and mallard and teal inland gulls white a snow and fearless of hunters little matched legged feller opes fishing nets from the wet sand the wildest of the buffalo hunts used to take place along this section of the river or between what are known as pit and battleford it was a common trick of the eternally warring black feet and creed to lie in hiding among the woods here and stampede all horses or for the black feet to set canoes a drift down the river or scuttle the tee peas of the frightened creed squas who waited at this point for their lords return from the bay round that 300 mile bend in the river known as the elbow the water is wide and shallow with such numbers of sand bars and shells and islands that one is lost trying to keep the main current shallow water sounds safe and easy for canoeing but dust storms and wind make the elbow the most

3:14:36trying stretch of water in the whole length of the river beyond this great bin still called the elbow this Saskatchewan takes a swing northeast through the true wilderness prime evil the rough waters below the elbow are the first of 22 rapids round the same number of sharp turns in the river some are mere rippling of the current most noisy than dangerous others run swift and strong for 16 miles first are the squaw rapids where the Indian women used to wait while a man went on downstream with the furs next are the cold rapids and boats are barely in the calm water out of these when a roar gives warning of more to come and a tall tree stripped of all branches but a tufted crest on top known among the Indians as a lobstic marks two more rippling rapids the crooked rapids

3:15:40send canoes twisting round point after point almost through the forks of the south Saskatchewan here five miles below the modern fur post at a bend in the river commanding a great sweep of approach a gay court here of France built Fort Lecorn who called the bold sand walls to the right hearthills and how comes it that there are cadot rapids named after the famous Voyager family of cadots whose ancestors gave life and his name to one section of the Ottawa 40 miles below Lecorn is lepawin the looking out place of the Indians for the coming trader where the French had another post and still the river widens and widens though the country is flat the level of the river is ten feet below a crumbling shore worn sheer as a wall with not the width of a hand for

3:16:43camping place below on a spit of the north shore was the camping place known as devil's point where no Voyager would ever stay because the long point was inhabited by demons the bank is deep here flanked by a swamp of huge spruce trees crisscrossed by the log jams of centuries the reason for the ill omen of the places plain enough a long point running out with three sides exposed to the bellowing wind east of devil's point the Saskatchewan breaks from its river bed and is lost for 150 miles through a country of pure muskig quaking silt softest sponge overgrown with reed and goose grass here are not even low banks there are no banks at all canoes are on a level with the land and the reed 16 feet high line the aisle water channels

3:17:49one can stand on prowess stern and far as I can see is not but reeds and waterways waterways and reeds below the muskig country lies cumberland lake at its widest the lake is some 40 miles across but by skirting from island to island boltman can make a crossing of only 23 miles far to the south is the blue rim of the pa mountains named from the indian word pasquia meaning open country henry's canoes were literally loaded with peltry when he drew in at the pa there he learned a bitter lesson on the meaning of arrivals swabby the french plied his indians with brandy then picked out a thousand of his best skins a trick that cost the hutson's bay company some of its profit on june 1st the canoes came once more set out for york with the rain

3:18:56swollen currents the paddlers easily made fast time and reached york on june 20 james ishim the governor of the fort realized that his men had brought down a good cargo of furs kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and help block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit james hearty dot com slash hearty backer but when henry began to talk of indians on horseback he was laughed out of the service who had ever heard of indians on horseback the company voted henry 20 pound reward and ishim by discrediting henry's report probably thought to save himself the trouble

3:20:01of going inland but the unseen destiny of world movement rudely disturbed the lazy traders indolent dream in four years french power fell at Quebec and the wildwood rovers of the st. Lawrence unrestricted by the new government and soon organized under the leadership of scottish merchants at montreal invaded the sacred precincts of the companies in most preserve in other volumes of this series we shall learn more of the furlords and explorers in the great west and north of canada of the fierce warfare between the rival traders of the opening up of great rivers to the commerce and of the founding of colonies that were to grow into commonwealth we shall witness the gradual stubborn and unwilling retreat of the fur trade before the on

3:21:02marching settler until at last the dominion government took over the vast domain known as rupert's land and the company founded by the courtiers of king charles and given absolute sway over an empire fell to the status of an ordinary commercial organization end of chapter eight and end of book chapter nine of the adventurers of england on Hudson Bay this is a libravox recording all libravox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit libravox.org recording by ester the adventurers of england on Hudson Bay by agnacy loud chapter nine

3:22:02bibliographical note on the era prior to the session 1763 very few printed records of the Hudson's Bay Company exists most books on the latter period in which the conflict with the northwest company took place have cursory sketches of the early era founded chiefly by data handed down by word of mouth among the servants and officers of the company on this early period the documents in the Hudson's Bay House London must always be the prime authority these documents consist in the main of the minute books of some 200 years the letter books the stock books the memorial books and the daily journals kept from 1670 onwards by chief traders at every post and forwarded to London there is also a great mass of unpublished material bearing on the adventurers in the public record office London transcripts of a few of these documents are to be found in the Canadian archives Ottawa and in the newberry library Chicago transcripts of four of

3:23:07the radicine journals copied from the originals in the bodily and library Oxford are possessed by the Prince Society Boston of modern histories dealing with the early era Bechless Wilson's the great company 1899 George Bryce's remarkable history of the Hudson's Bay Company 1900 and Lout's conquest of the great northwest 1899 are the only works to be taken seriously Wilson's is marred by many errors due to a lack of knowledge of the west Bryce's work is free of these errors but having been issued before the archives of Hudson's Bay House were open for more than a few weeks at a time it lacks first-hand data from headquarters though to Bryce must be given the honor of unearthing much of the early history of radisson Lout's conquest of the great northwest contains more of the early period from first-hand sources than the other two works and indeed

3:24:07follows up Bryce as pupil to master but the author perhaps attempted to cover two vast of territory in two brief a space data on Hudson's tragic voyages come from purchase his pilgrims and the Hacliot Society Publications for 1860 edited by Asher Jen's monks voyage is best related in the Hacliot publications for 1897 Lout's pathfinders of the west gives fullest details of radisson's various voyages the French state papers for 1670 to 1700 in the Canadian archives give full details of the international quarrels over radisson's activities on the Debraville raids the French state papers are again the ultimate authorities though supplemented by the Jesuit relations of those years the colonial documents of New York State edited by O'Calaan give details of French raids on Hudson Bay radisson's various

3:25:12petitions will be found in Lout's conquest of the great northwest these are taken from the public records London and from the Hudson's Bay companies archives shoe arts letters are found in the documents de la Newvelle France tomb 1 1492 to 1712 father Sylvie a Jesuit who accompanied the Detroit's expedition gives the fullest account of the overland raids these are supplemented by the affidavids of the captured Englishman state papers public records London by La Portiers Histoire de la Marieque by Jeremy's account in the Bernard collection of Amsterdam and by the relations of Abbey Belmont and Dalier de Castell the reprint of the radisson journals by the print society of Boston deserves commendation as a first effort to draw attention to radisson's achievements but the work is marred by the errors of an English coppiest who evidently knew nothing of Western Indian names and places and very plainly mixed his pages so badly that national events

3:26:19of 1660 are confused with the events of 1664 errors ascribed to radisson's inaccuracy Benjamin Salt the French Canadian historian in a series of papers for the Royal Society of Canada has untangled this confusion robsons Hudson's Bay gives details of the 1754 period but robsons was a dismissed employee of the company and his relation is so full of bitterness that it is not to be trusted the events of the search for a northwest passage and the Middleton controversy are to be found in Ellis's voyage of the Dobbs and California 1748 and the parliamentary report of 1749 later works by fur traders on the spot or descendants of fur traders such as gun, hargraves, ross refer casually to this early era and are valuable for local identification but quite worthless for authentic data on the period preceding their own lives this does not

3:27:21impair the value of their records of the time in which they lived it simply means that they had no data but hearsay on the early period see also in this series the black robes the great attendant the fighting governor pathfinders of the great plains pioneers of the pacific adventurers of the foreign north the red river colony and of chapter 9 bibliographical note and end of the adventurers of England on Hudson Bay kitchen and bathroom professionals know what goes behind the tile matters that's why trade pros trust fiber cement party backer board to keep tile firmly in place resist cracking and held block moisture chosen over 40 million kitchens and bathrooms party backer board what the best build on shop now at participating home depot lows and floor into core stores for more information visit

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