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President Barack Obama.
Virginia, we are counting on you.
Republicans want to steal enough seats in Congress to raid the next election
and wield unchecked power for two more years.
But you can stop them by voting yes by April 21st.
Help put our elections back on a level playing field and let voters decide
not politicians.
Vote yes by April 21st.
Everything is everything.
Tonight, Shanley Laboratories presents another
and a new series of great dramatic programs.
Some of our stories are fact.
The struggles and accomplishments of great men of medicine.
Others are fiction.
Stories of devotion to an ideal.
Individual heroism or great courage.
By these programs, Shanley Laboratories would remind you
that medical science and progress is not cold in personal research
or pages of statistics.
But a worn human story told in living turns.
Whether it's the life of one of medicines and mortals
or the simple everyday record of service rendered by your family physician.
And now, Ronald Coleman brings you the story of Yellowjack.
Cuba, late July 1900.
The land was rich in mellow.
It shimmered radiantly in the hot sunlight.
The land was a verdant Eden,
gordy with color, with everything right to the tongue and the touch.
The land was a thing of gentle hills kneeling around quad valleys and dense jungles.
It was cliffs and bluffs that bent down to see who was coming in the harbours.
The land was beaches and banks.
And the blue water curled its white toes on the beaches,
coveting the land.
Water, the transparent aquahome of the eel, the shark, the manateen.
Cuba, late July, paradise and paradox, where the monkey was king of the jungle and the tortoise
subject. Where beauty walked in seltris plender, dripping venom and honey.
Cuba, where man was an inconsequential thing measured against a mosquito.
Those American doctors and scientists didn't know they were pitting themselves against
a mosquito at first, although they had a name for their enemy and the name was Yellowjack.
Here are men from humble towns, with humble names like O'Hara,
Maclellan, Brinkerhof, Finley.
There's usually nothing to distinguish them, nothing but that inner fire that manifests itself
in the quickness of their hands and the brightness of their eyes.
Their names are names like Lazier and Carol and Agremonte and Reed,
and their names are Legion.
We do read, there is a message here from General Woods headquarters.
What is it Agremonte?
The army death list brought up to date, sir.
Ah, thank you, Agremonte.
I can't stand much more of this.
I look out there over the sea and I watch our transport steaming home and I don't even dare
think what they may be carrying home.
We've taken Cuba on with his awful things smoldering in it, waiting for fresh American fuel,
waiting for its chance to jump over home to Philadelphia, New Orleans.
It is not an agreeable condition from my point of view either, doctor.
I am Cuban-born.
I didn't mean to offend you Agremonte,
but you and Carol and Lazier and I, we were sent down to stop this horror.
To isolate a microbe and find a cure and we failed.
Failed miserably.
It isn't easy to admit that.
I know, I know, doctor.
But it is not from lack of trying.
Yeah, if we could only think of some fresh angle.
Oh, by the way, I ran into one puzzler at Pina.
I've had enough puzzlers I can't solve.
I guess enough puzzlers, but this is a funny case.
This one is worth listening to, the case of a soldier.
Sick 12 July, dead 18 July.
Nothing so unusual about that.
Oh, but there is.
That soldier had not been exposed.
He had not been near the disease for over a month before he took sick.
What was that?
There it is.
There's the first clue.
A soldier sick July the 12th, dead on the 18th.
A soldier who had been in the guardhouse a month before he took sick.
Who lay in that guardhouse for three days with eight other prisoners.
And not one of them caught it.
Not even the one who slept in his blankets after he died.
There's something to think about.
There's a thought worth some contemplation.
How about contaminated food or water agromotate?
The whole outfit ate and drank the same.
The other eight may have been immune.
Records do not show it.
One came from Iowa, one from Maine, two from...
Wisconsin.
Hmm.
He may have been extra susceptible.
Maybe.
Maybe not?
Maybe not.
Think hard, Major Ead.
Think hard.
What was it crawled or jumped or flew through that guardhouse window?
Bit that one prisoner went back where it came from.
How does yellow fever spread, Major Ead?
How does it go from man to man and village to village and even across the sea?
Think.
Remember Smith's Texas fever tick?
Remember Bruce from the Tzetsi fly in Africa?
Remember that Ross and Grassy have just nailed malaria to a mosquito?
Mosquitoes.
Think hard, Major Ead.
History is holding her breath while you ponder.
The Mosquito Agramati.
Wasn't there a doctor Finley who had a theory about the Mosquito and Yellowjack?
Yes, but it was never credited and he's never able to prove his theories.
Is he still here?
Yes.
Call Dr. Carol and Dr. Lezier and let us call on Dr. Finley.
Our simplest stage is sometimes set for great moments.
A Cuban afternoon, heart and breathless, and sleeping.
No drama here, no sound of drums or trumpets, no auditorium.
Only four young doctors walking along a dust district,
but walking the threshold of discovery.
I have the honor Major Ead present my colleague Dr. Finley.
For these many years, a distinguished leader of our profession here in Havana.
Dr. Finley, this is Dr. Lezier.
How are you, sir?
Dr. Carol.
How do you do?
Dr. Finley, we've come to ask of you your knowledge of your Yellow Fever Mosquito.
And a specimen of the Mosquito herself, as many specimens as you can spare.
You were sternly, gentlemen.
For 19 years, science has laughed at me at the cracked old Finley and his mosquitoes.
I have no impulse to share my secret.
No one's laughing now, Dr. Finley.
We want to work with you.
You believe in my discovery, Dr. Reed?
Yes, I do believe in it.
Don't you see, Dr. Finley?
We're what you've been waiting for.
We're going to save your discovery and pull the whole fraternity of science into line.
All we need is one demonstration and we can prove the whole theory.
Proof.
Aye, there's the run.
Some truths have divide their time and wait for the world to catch up with them.
This needs courage and ruthlessness.
You can't test Finley's mosquitoes without risking life to kind of ask me to believe that you'll
be allowed to experiment on your soldiers.
No, we'll let the soldiers wait.
The start is all for ourselves.
You'll gentlemen?
The four of us.
No, only three.
Agrimante's had yellow jack.
No, your men of science are liable.
Is any man's life worth more than the cause he risks it on?
Major Reed, all of you, your brave men, homie, I serve you.
Give us the mosquito eggs, Dr. Finley.
When I give them into your hands, I give you 19 years of my life, but I do it gladly.
There it is.
There in a bow before you.
You've only raised the water in that dish and those eggs will hatch the criminal.
Beware of her.
She isn't a wild marsh, Mosquito.
She's your domestic pet.
She shares your home with you.
Takes her siesta under your eaves.
Raises her family in your patio fountain.
And rewards your hospitality with death.
Gentlemen, you hold the key to yellow fever in your hands.
I pray for your sake and all humanity that you may turn the luck I fail to turn.
Discussion, speculation, experimentation, the tireless, never-ending pattern of men of science,
probing the mysteries, searching for ultimate benefits for humanity, hoping through medicine
to discover cures for all ills since the dawn of time.
But even though centuries-old, the practice of medicine is only within a comparatively
recent length of time made its greatest stride in prolonging the life of man.
It may well be that this fact is due to today's emphasis upon research.
Research which is yielded such lifesaving drugs as penicillin and the newer streptomycin.
Among the firms whose research helped increase production of penicillin in allied products
is Shanley Laboratories.
In recent months Shanley Laboratories is placed at the disposal of your position, such
specialized products as penicillin tablets and trocaes for administration of penicillin
by mouth, penicillin rightment for local application and up thumb equipment for treating certain
infections of the eye.
Even now, as you hear this program, the research scientists of Shanley Laboratories are working
toward the end that your physician may have an ever increasing number of healing, life-giving
drugs of his command.
In striving to further broaden the scope of our production of pharmaceuticals, Shanley
Laboratories is guided by the desire to help place in every doctor's hands the greatest
to motivate and fighting disease that medical church can develop.
Virginia, we are counting on you.
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Hi, this is Alex Cantrowicz, I'm the host of Big Technology Podcast, a long time reporter
and an on-air contributor to CNBC, and if you're like me, you're trying to figure out how
artificial intelligence is changing the business world and our lives.
So each week on Big Technology, I bring on key actors from companies building AI tech
and outsiders trying to influence it, asking where this is all going, they come from places
like Nvidia, Microsoft, Amazon, and plenty more.
So if you want to be smart with your wallet, your career choices, and meetings with your
colleagues and at dinner parties, listen to Big Technology Podcast wherever you get your
podcasts.
Now, Lionel Coleman continues the story of Yellowjack.
Mosquitoes under the searching white light of science, mosquitos and the microscopes,
discussion, speculation, experimentation.
Look boys, my orders are to bring mosquitos in here to the hospital ward to suck a few
yellow fever germs out of your blood.
Now, you got plenty to spare, so there's nothing for you to get excited about.
One little mosquito bite will make you feel any worse than you do already.
One mosquito bite in the interest of science.
Let the mosquito dip his quill in the poison and proceed on his deadly way.
All right, let's air roll up your sleeve, his little baby in this jar straight from the
Yellowjack ward.
Go ahead.
Let's get it over with.
There it is, that's simply, death is carried from insect to man, or is it?
Any temperature was here?
Nope, carry.
No, don't discouraging, isn't it?
Yeah, how long since the last time I was bitten, six days?
How discouraging when facts can't keep up with hunches, three mosquito bites for Dr.
Lizzie and no results.
The key and the luck are in their hands, but the luck is hard to turn.
Nature discloses her secret to reluctantly.
Something has been overlooked here.
I can tell you one thing we've forgotten.
Oh, what's that?
It's the same thing Ross was stuck on with malaria.
You can fill those mosquitos full of malaria blood and they can't hurt a baby for two weeks
afterwards.
They've got to have a good two weeks to ripen.
We haven't given our skaters any time.
Hmm.
Hey, Gromande, how long is your oldest mosquito head to the gesture of meal of yellow
fever blood?
12 days.
All right.
We'll wait two more and try more LaZoea.
That doesn't take well still, Dr. Carroll.
Waiting is hard with the tropic sun beating down and men dying in the yellow fever wards.
Waiting is a twisting impatience that riles in their stomachs, while the mosquito drones
in the test tube and Dr. LaZoea remains well.
Douts begin to festivate and spread.
Perhaps the mosquito is not the villain.
Perhaps?
More they are on the wrong track.
Their minds are small rooms and they pace them hour after hour, day after day, while the
jungle leads whisper and chuckle in the afternoon breezes, while the monkey chatters and the
manatee dozes, and the vines of Cuba try and about the dead.
All right, let's get this over with.
What's this mosquito all by yourself, Gromande?
That is the one we fed on that boy two weeks ago.
We had just been brought into the ward.
That case hadn't even begun to develop, Carol.
That's triad.
I took mine from fatal cases.
Why can't you?
Because I'm a mosquito, and if you don't mind, I'll pick my own.
Come on, black beauty, kiss me.
Another period of waiting and watching, while anxiety and worry pinches at their nerves,
on the bitter tang of failure tastes on their lips.
They had been willing to rest death for the victory of a yellow jack, but now they
feel that instead of death, they are fencing with ridicule.
Carol, in particular, is beginning to crack under the strain, and even Reed is showing
the danger signals of mental anguish and strain.
I have no patience with you, Carol.
This morning you performed an autopsy on a man just dead of yellow fever, and you're
testing one source of infection, you deliberately expose yourself to another.
If you were to become infected, how would you know with source of infection to hold responsible?
How can you expect me to chuck my real work to test an idea that's already exploded?
You aren't even giving it a chance.
You haven't taken your temperature at all these last four days.
Why should I?
This darn thing has me crazy as it is.
That's even gotten me all off my feet.
Now, we'll cut this morning feeling how, Carol.
I don't like the dickens.
My head's felt like a dog's breakfast all morning.
Hey, baby, dissonus, are you sure it's the effect of nerves, Carol?
Remember a lady you called Black Beauty?
A lady you dared to laugh at?
Report to the hospital immediately, Carol.
Why?
There's nothing wrong with me.
All I need is a little quinine and a headache.
Peggy mobile is here.
Yes, of course.
Come on, Carol.
Well, a lot of dang nonsense.
I'm frightened, agronomy.
For the first time, I'm frightened.
What of?
That Carol's gut yellow, Jack?
Or that he hasn't?
Both.
Well, Dr. Finley?
A examine, Carol, very thoroughly.
Whatever doubts you have me have had yesterday, they can be no question now.
First I was sorry for it.
Then I remembered to thank God.
I'm sorry, but Carol's case is not conclusive evidence.
No.
Unfortunately, not conclusive.
Why did one mosquito succeed with Carol when 50 failed with Lazier?
How can anyone be sure that it was?
The mosquito infected him.
An insect infected from a case only in the second day of disease.
Dr. Reed.
Suppose this microbe is only in the blood the first few days, before you really know what's wrong with you.
You mean it might change, die after the first few days?
I don't know.
But if there is anything in the idea, we've been wasting our time feeding our skaters on advanced cases.
There wouldn't have been any microbes left in them.
And that would explain why I couldn't.
I wonder if that could be it.
Ah, it's too easy.
Things can't be that simple.
Oh yes, things can be that simple.
The truth is always simple.
When you're finally able to discern what is the truth.
If this is the trick, I never ran into risk at all.
And I may be as susceptible as any man.
I could be the case to confirm Carol.
No, you'd have to be isolated for two weeks first.
Two weeks Dr. Carol will be well or dead.
We can't leave you alone.
We'll be well or dead.
We can't leave him lying there when he's done this.
We can't let him die without knowing what he's done.
Dear God, give us a chance with this.
Dear God, just a chance.
Send them one pure unsuspecting human guinea pig.
One guinea pig to prove that yellowjack comes from the mosquito.
One guinea pig.
One guinea pig.
One guinea pig.
One guinea pig.
Zero, what is it?
What's wrong?
It's no use.
I can't go on.
I'm sick, Reed.
Oh, I don't wonder.
You've been at Carol's bedside night and day.
Carol got yellowjack from our mosquitoes.
I haven't been bitten myself for weeks.
But I've got it, too.
I've got it, too.
You can take all those notes and reports and all those mosquitoes and burn them.
There's nothing in them because I've gone and got yellowjack without our mosquito.
I'm sick, I'm sick.
I'm sick, I'm sick.
Men can't go against death and not risk death themselves.
The stirs sent Twillier to Alexandria for the cholera.
Twillier didn't come back.
Lazio won't last.
Humanity asks great sacrifices of its scientists.
Write down the name.
Jesse Lazio engraved it on stone.
Honor it.
He was a strong man, but not so strong as a mosquito.
Do you want to give up, Dr. Reed?
Do you want to go back?
About you, Carol.
You're the one who's been ill.
No.
I want to go on for myself and for Lazio.
Go back?
No.
The stuff of courage doesn't grow weaker.
It grows stronger and brighter until it blinds with its light.
And the flaming sword cuts through the veil of knowledge.
I don't know why any healthy kid should volunteer, but 300's a lot of money to a soldier.
The whispers dart across the night like frightened birds.
$300 compensation for volunteers.
They've got a nerve.
Volunteers to catch Yellowjack and die of it.
Not for me, not for five times, $300.
To advance science and benefit humanity in soldiers' humanity.
No pressure, just let it leak out.
There will be volunteers.
There must be volunteers.
Did you want something private, O'Hara?
I've come to volunteer, sir.
The both of us are for the experiment.
You know the risk.
Yes, sir, we know, all right.
You've heard what the compensation is.
Yes, sir, we've heard for volunteering in the interests of science.
And for the benefit of humanity and the only condition on which we volunteer,
is that we receive no compensation, sir.
Gentlemen, I thank you.
Did you hear that?
They're off, and no one can stop them now.
They've got everything they need, backing, money, isolation camps,
and a couple of guys worth remembering.
The conditions are absolutely ideal, Carol.
Brinker Hoffno, Harold, we can find in this tent.
There'll be no mosquitoes here that we don't bring with us in test tubes.
This is going to be the dog-gondest experiment there's ever been.
Two weeks for O'Hara and Brinker have to sit in that tent.
Two weeks with only themselves for company,
and an occasional visit from the doctors.
Two weeks of sleep and food and sterile baths before their strange wedding.
Are you ready, Brinker Hoffno, Harold?
Yes, sir.
Do you give me the mosquitoes, Hagelmoney?
There'll be no mistakes this time.
No chance of error.
Reed's going to show them this time that you can't catch yellowjack in any way,
but from the mosquito.
He's out to prove that Lazier II died because of the mosquito.
And so he gets two more volunteers, and another tent that he calls the dirty house.
Is the tent ready?
It's ready, all right.
And that dirty house is a good name for it.
It's packed full of every thinking byproduct of this disease.
Two soldiers will sleep in there for three weeks.
Sleep in the unared, undisinfected, and unwashed bedding that men have died in.
Everything that scientists have ever thought transmitted the diseases in there.
Except the mosquito.
I'm Hara, Hara.
Hara, it's a cold night with a wintry dampness in it,
the way you could see a breath of your trouble or blow it.
Hey, you guys open the dirty house, how do you feel?
Reed, are you with a little fresh air?
Sure hope you guys get yellowjack.
Oh, you do, do you?
Sure do.
Because if you don't, we will.
And we don't want it to pride you with a pleasure.
These darn mosquito bites, itch.
Oh, quit beefing, Brinker-Hop.
Now, what are you doing with that tent flap?
Closing it?
I'm cold.
Two minutes ago, the fever was burning you up.
Oh, I got a chill now.
My ears is roaring.
My teeth is chattering.
My head, I feel ozzy, you know.
John, what's that line you're always saying?
Cowards die?
Cowards die many times before their death.
The valiant, never taste of death but once.
Of all the wonders that I yet have heard,
it seems most strange to me that men should fear.
Seeing the death the necessary end will come when it will come.
Will come, when it will come.
Who's afraid?
John, could I ask you to go down to the ambulance and talk
about my come from me?
Brinker-Hop, you haven't gone and gotten
yellowjack without me, have you?
Why are you?
Could I ask you, or her?
Of course.
ambulance, ambulance, ambulance.
Will they never finish their examination, Carol?
You're taking us harder than read is.
I feel for read.
This is read's moment.
Everything hangs on where the Brinker-Hop has yellowjack.
And where the major gorgas is convinced
that he got it from our mosquito.
The doctors bend over the hospital bed.
Take note of the symptoms.
Observe them well, gentlemen.
The eyes, jaundiced, the gums, bleeding, headache,
nausea.
The boy hasn't committed a single symptom.
Beautiful, beautiful.
Major read, yes, Major Gorgas?
How long did you say between the bite
and the first symptom?
Three days, nine and a half hours.
Three days, nine and a half hours for read.
Months before that for Carol and Lazier,
and 19 years for Dr. Finley, the truth
has been conceived and delivered into life.
A new baby for science and medicine to read.
Major read, this is an impressive moment.
I'm going out after this mosquito.
Let me shake your hand, sir.
If that boy's convinced you, Gorgas,
the baby did get the infection from the mosquito.
And if those other two help the as ever
in the field for that dirty house
have shown you the disease cannot in nature be contracted
except from the mosquito, then you may.
But if you have any shadow of reservation on either point,
I have a new case of people coming in, sir.
Dr. Reems just went down to look at that new case.
The silence falls like a chill across the heart.
The ups stretched hand drops.
The new found world tutters on its slender foundations,
the case, it's not from our isolation camp.
Yes, sir.
They didn't say who, though.
Two of the men went down to carry the stretcher
from the ambulance.
The moments are letting the eternities.
The tongue clings like dry cotton to the roof of the mouth.
The throat is dry.
The hands clammy.
The victory that seems so close is trembling into tears.
They could not have caught it in the dirty house.
That hasn't been a mosquito near that pair.
That had wrecked things worse than last year's day.
The footsteps approach slowly.
The heart races to meet them, but the feet are rooted to the floor.
They're afraid to look at the stretcher.
Good afternoon to you, Dr. Reems.
Oh, Herrer.
This man doesn't have yellow fever, Dr. Reems.
Yes, he has. I just examined him.
He doesn't make sense.
He should have come down four days ago.
Well, now I'll tell you.
I couldn't bear to let Brinkerhof get ahead of me.
He should have kept his mosquitoes.
He always locked up.
Oh, Herrer.
Oh, Herrer.
Now, science and humanity become one
in the person of Johnny O'Hara.
And no shadow of gain for him, but his own satisfaction.
And only the vanity and glory of that.
So the job's done.
And the doubts and discouragement some memories now.
And the mosquitoes' poison, talon,
will be dealt with and destroyed.
Well, Carol, the last microscope's packed,
and we've closed the door of the Cuban laboratory.
A dirty house has made a fine bonfire
and grass can grow once more, where Brinkerhof,
know Herrer, pits the tent.
None of the boys are much the worst for way.
And we are going home.
I wish we were taking Lezier home with us.
I wish you were coming, Agrimante.
No, Dr. I am Cuban born.
I must stay in Cuba.
The rig you ordered to take you down to the transports
ready whenever you are, sir.
Good and tired.
A man does what he has to do and is tired.
And the rest that follows is a good rest for he has earned it.
Help.
Take a last look at Cuba, Carol.
Yes, the last look is the island slips slowly from the ship.
The last look at the jungle kingdom of the monkey
and the tortoise and the manatee.
The last salute to Lazier and the others who died too soon.
And the parting gesture to that enemy
more dangerous and more deadly than anything
sent out of those jungles to defy man.
The last look, rich and full with the solemn knowledge
of victory and triumphs over death.
In a moment we'll bring back our star, Ronald Coleman.
But first ladies and gentlemen, they will
leave you with this thought.
Shenley Laboratories, maker of penicillin
Chenley presents this program with a reminder
that your doctor and his work of keeping you well
has at his fingertips the whole world of science.
The firms whose research scientists continually
seek new aids to health are guided by the desire constantly
to increase the number of valuable drugs
with which your doctor fights disease.
Chenley Laboratories is numbered among those firms
whose resources of knowledge and skill
are at your doctor's command.
Now ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Coleman.
To sum up the spirit of this Chenley Laboratories program,
this simple and beautiful prayer of the physician
written centuries ago by my monides
seems to me to be apt and fitting.
The eternal providence has appointed me
to watch over the life and death of all thy creatures.
May I always see in the patient a fellow creature in pain,
grant me strength and opportunity always
to extend domain of my craft.
This is the prayer of the physician.
It is age is old, yet today it is as new as the hope
for a peaceful way of life for all the world.
May we invite you to listen again next week at this same time
when Chenley Laboratories presents Green Light
starring Robert Young, a great star in a great story.
Good night.
Yellow Jack was produced and directed by Bill Lawrence.
It was a Gene Holloway adaptation of the play by Sydney Holland.
Mrs. Frank Graham speaking for Chenley Laboratories,
the producer of Penicillin Chenley and Chenley Pharmaceuticals.
Mrs. CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.
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Virginia,
we are counting on you.
Republicans want to steal enough seats in Congress
to raid the next election and wield unchecked power
for two more years, but you can stop them.
By voting yes, by April 21st.
Help put our elections back on a level playing field
and let voters decide not politicians.
Vote yes, by April 21st.
Paid for by Virginians for fair elections.
Hi, this is Alex Cantrowitz.
I'm the host of Big Technology podcast,
a longtime reporter and an on-air contributor to CNBC.
And if you're like me, you're trying to figure out
how artificial intelligence is changing
the business world and our lives.
So each week on Big Technology, I bring on key actors
from companies building AI tech and outsiders
trying to influence it.
Asking where this is all going,
they come from places like Nvidia, Microsoft, Amazon,
and plenty more.
So if you want to be smart with your wallet,
your career choices, and meetings with your colleagues,
and at dinner parties.
Listen to Big Technology podcast wherever you get
your podcasts.
