How to Run an Institution in an Anti-Institution Era | Better in Person

0:00This episode of Better in Persons is presented by ChatGPT. Put ChatGPT to work on your most ambitious ideas and projects. Download the new ChatGPT desktop app today. Hey there, it's Stephen Doughner. And this is a bonus episode called How to Run an Institution in an Anti-Institution era. It comes from our new TV talk show Better in Persons. The guests are Anne Pasternack, director of the Brooklyn Museum and Michael Roth, president of Wesleyan University. To watch this episode or to watch any episode of Better in Persons go to the Freakinomics YouTube channel or search for Better in Persons on Apple Podcasts. As always, thanks for listening. I think most people would be surprised to know that I play in a Giza Rock band. Oh, that is not surprising. It's good.

1:02This is Better in Persons with Stephen Doughner, and Anne Pasternack and Michael Roth. What's it like to run an institution in a time when trust in institutions is at an all-time low? Anne Pasternack and Michael Roth have some thoughts. Anne is director of the Brooklyn Museum. Before that, she ran Creative Time, a provocative public arts group here in New York City. If you've ever seen the annual tribute in light memorial dedicated to the lives lost on September 11th, that was Anne Pasternack's idea. And Michael Roth is the president of Wesleyan University. His Giza Rock band, by the way, is called the Smokin' Lillies. He's better known as one of the most outspoken university presidents in the US, eager to talk about the political, financial, and cultural pressures that universities are facing. So I thought it might be a good time to get these two together. First of all, thank you for being here. Have you two met before? No. Yeah. It's first time. How was it?

2:02It was great. It was kind of a little shaky. It's first of all to touch me. You know? Well, it was very hard for him because I love bombed him immediately. You love bombed him now. I love him because I follow his very moral voice, you know, in the papers, the opinion pieces, he writes for the times wherever else, his letters out to the Wesleyan community. I often share it with my leadership team. I've shared his writing with my board. You read his letters to the Wesleyan community. Are you part of the Wesleyan community yourself? No, but these things have a way of getting around. How would you describe his moral voice? Very clear, very principled, courageous humility. There's a lot of humility. But also he knows who he is. And he's not hiding behind some fashionable way of being. Do you feel that's accurate? Seems too generous to me. And it's funny, the principal part,

3:03because I've adopted an approach for most of my adult life of like principles are bad. Pragmatism is right. And yet, and yet, it often people say, you know, you're sticking by your principles. And what I see, is I'm sticking by the things I said I believed in, like you shouldn't discriminate against people, that you should have more diversity, that belonging is a good thing. Like everybody, I already museum director and a university college president would have said that before, and in the last eight months, they seemed to have forgotten what they said they believed in, in many cases. Tell me a little bit about what it's like to be running an institution like yours right now. I think I read in an interview that you said something to the effect of feeling some days like a punching bag. Something like that. It's possible. Yeah. Sometimes it feels that way, but mostly it feels joyous. You know, it feels in a moment of such social upheaval

4:04and divisiveness purposeful to be able to contribute to the public dialogue and to model our beliefs. What are people coming to you for? When you think about what the Brooklyn Museum is for in your mind and how do you provide that? I think people are looking at the Brooklyn Museum as a place that really models what its values are. So for example, we talk about inclusion, but we don't just talk about it, we model it. We're not erasing truths, we're confronting uncomfortable truths, but they're also places of joy. So I think people are looking to the Brooklyn Museum maybe as a place of reality. Reality would seem to be the opposite of escape from reality, I guess. Right. Yeah. But you know, I'll be honest with you when I'm in an environment like that, I am escaping from reality. I'm not going to deny it, or I'm at least traveling to a different one. I would think a museum serves that purpose too to some degree, but...

5:04Absolutely. And we can be many things, right? Where those rare places with people of all backgrounds can come together and have an experience that's meaningful to them. If you want to make art, you can make art in the museum. If you want to dance and sing, you can dance and sing in the museum. If you want to have a solitary experience and dive into an artwork on your own and look deeply, you can do that. Brooklyn Museum is what's called an Encyclopedic Museum. Is that right? How's that defined, just for kids? You know, none of us are really truly encyclopedic, but the point is that we have collections representing people from all over the world. We've got all different times as well. Absolutely. We represent 5,500 years of human creativity. Okay, so is New York City one of the few or only cities with two encyclopedic? Because there is a place called the Metropolitan Museum over there. The what? I've not heard of it either, but apparently on the east side of Manhattan. So it's very rare. It is very rare. Yeah, and what is your relationship with the museum

6:06that shall not be named anymore? No, I love the Metropolitan Museum. It's one of my happy places. I'm probably there close to three or four times a month. I know that. Oh, kidding. No, no, no, and I love it. So I have meetings there. I go to see events and all sorts of things to their new shows. And I know that collection pretty well. Michael, which museum do you prefer, Brooklyn or the Met? Brooklyn Museum. And I'm sorry. I'm... Good job. Yeah. And I think it's a reflection of its community. And that means that people find in all kinds of things that they go to the public square to find. I mean, it's such an important resource now, because in a time when the government is encroaching on all aspects of our private lives to have an environment like a museum, which is constructed to keep out certain stimuli and to let in lots of other stimuli,

7:06it is a phrase, happy places is so important. And you can go there to have a good cry. And especially when you're from Brooklyn or from New York, it's your public space. When I think of Wesleyan or when one thinks of Wesleyan, what's it for? I mean, I think the purpose and the reality of the modern university is a really interesting question. A lot of people are shouting about. With good reason, because it's become really complicated and I think exclusive to many, too expensive for many, et cetera. I think a lot of people see it as a resume building factory now, which is unfortunate. It is not a resume building factory. I think that's for sure. Wesleyan is a place where students can practice freedom while they're creating something new and discovering who they are. Okay. And that manifests in so many different ways from someone who discovers they really like physics

8:08and computer science to someone who discovers that they really want to try to be a football player and sing in a musical and do physics. And that Wesleyan, you're describing a couple of your most famous alum by chance. Lin-Manuel Miranda was not bad at musicals and Bill Bella-Chick went to Wesleyan too. That's true. That's true. There's a combination of rigor and freedom. That is quite astonishing. And I always say it's not for everybody. I mean, if you want to build a resume, go to Williams. But you can cut that out or not. But if you want to experiment and with the expectation that the thing you experiment with might produce something really extraordinary. I'm curious to know how much time each of you spend fundraising. I'm guessing for a university president. It's quite a good bit, yes. Not enough.

9:08Not enough. What share of your billable hours are fundraising? It's really hard to tell. I'm actually doing this because I hope it'll help me raise money. And I like asking people for money. You like it. I do. Because why? I do because it took a while. I think Anne's about to ask you if you will ask on her behalf for the Brooklyn Museum. I do because I think we have very generous supporters. And I give them an option so they don't have to use their resources frivolously. They can dedicate them to higher education, which is a great, I'm giving them a great opportunity as we say in fundraising. And I really believe that we would be a better school if we were able to provide more financial aid to more people. We meet full need, but there are people we can't meet their needs. We can't accept them. I've read your tuition, your list price is something like 76,000. A year is that possible? It is. It's actually higher than that. Depending what you can't include if you can't room in board.

10:09But at about 40, some of the percent of people don't pay that. And about half of that, 40 percent pay almost nothing. So what's median paid tuition? Then do you have any idea? 25? Somewhere like that, 25,000? Yeah. I think it's 42 percent of our students run financial aid. And the average grant for those students is over 60,000. Yeah. But 60 percent or almost 60 percent pay full fare. And almost all the time, if that happens, I will try to find my way into their living room and ask them, would you give money so someone else can go to us? Got it. I'm so glad I didn't go to Wesleyan because you're in my living room now. I pay stock. So I love what you both do. I love the university life. I love museums. I love everything they stand for. I love the stuff that's collected there. I love the kind of people who want to work there, who want to teach there, who want to go there. But that's not the way the world necessarily sees either universities or museums right now.

11:10They see them as big, arthritic institutions that have had too much say in the way that the culture has been driven. At least that's according to some of the complaints. So I really want to hear what it's been like for you guys to be under, I don't know if under attack is too strong a phrase, but maybe for universities not, but I want to know where things stand right now. So Ann, you first? Well, I'm not sure I agree with your characterization, actually. I think the recent surveys tell us that actually people have a great deal of trust and belief that museums are among the most trusted public institutions, actually. So I think we're dealing with a fringe that tends to be inside our community, artists and critics who have been most critical of our institutions. And what are their major critiques? Well, a lot of the major critiques are correct that we have upheld white supremacy and those narratives for a very long time that were not as deeply connected to community as we should

12:13be when I say we, I mean as a field. And that the pay for museum workers and cultural workers in general has not been great. So it means that you perpetuate a cycle of only those people who can afford to work in the museum. We've done a tremendous amount of work on wage equity within the institution, but we've also been dealing with outside forces of inflation, of benefits, benefits are growing 24% this year alone. Right? And you don't have the endowment he has to you. I don't know how big is your endowment. I don't think I should say on the first date. Everybody is a bigger endowment than us. Well, yours is you're like 50th in the country for university somewhere in the right. I believe you if you say that. One point six billion. One point six billion. Oh, okay, yes, it's much bigger than ours. One point six billion. Okay, and yours is. Over 200 million. Oh, okay. So it's one of the smallest endowments of a major museum if not the smallest in the country.

13:15Right. But. And we're also pay what you wish. So more than half of our audiences don't pay anything to come to the museum. I always joke that we have the worst business model and we're proud of it. Because it creates all this diversity within the institution, economic diversity, gender, you know, create all of it. And we're really very proud of that. What about now if you go back a couple years after October 7th, October 7th, the Hamas attacks in Israel were they turned out to be big, big, big events for both of your institutions. Let's talk about yours first. What was that? Can you just start to tell that story from them? Well, I knew that this was going to be explosive as a Jewish woman who's progressive. I've been a target of the boycott divestment sanctions for probably two decades now. And is that because you're Jewish? Or because you've done something that put you in a position to be critiqued? I've never done anything to put me in a position to be critiqued.

14:16I think there's been a lot of assumptions about who I am and what I stand for. And I also think that, you know, I can't prove this, but that because I'm a progressive woman who's Jewish, that if I had signed on to a cultural boycott, it would probably help the movement. I see. And I don't believe in cultural boycotts. I believe culture should be a part of the solution. And I think cultural boycotts are antithetical to what I believe. So it's a very logical and rich argument, but it's a tough sell when people are shouting at you. Yeah. Everything's a tough sell when people are shouting at you. And so... So, so how do you... What do you do when they start shouting? Your home was vandalized. Yes, you were... It was a banner, I think, hung, white supremacist Zionist. Oh, God. Do you have to bring it up? I just always feel like my obituaries are going to be that picture. So if I'm lucky enough that to get an obituary at some point, but anyway, listen, I think that these situations are incredibly difficult.

15:19And you have to have a sense of calm and listen and bring your best advisors around you to it because, you know, you're dealing with a crisis. There's a lot of tension and fear, sometimes fear around that. Because you ask yourself a whole bunch of questions, questions about how do our audiences feel and how does participating in one way or another impact our mission or our audiences? There's so much to think about. To begin to doubt yourself. I think if you're a healthy person, yes. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, you have that some humility. You have to listen to the multitudes of viewpoints. Then when October 7th happened, didn't take, you know, a genius to realize that Israel would retaliate and that this would not be good for Jews around the world. Yeah. So when you were saying that you admire Michael's spine and courage for what he's been writing, a lot of it has been around these issues. Can you just walk me through that? You've been visible and vocal on this kind of thing for a long time, yeah?

16:24So on October 7th, I was actually just doing some work in my study on campus and the news flash came through on my computer and I thought, should I actually be saying something about this because I have been keeping a blog fairly regularly since 2007 and it was cool in 2007. And not so much anymore. And I looked back and I had said, written a little bit about different terrorist attacks over the years. And so I decided to write something quickly. I think I called it sickening violence and posted it with that afternoon, I guess, on October 7th. And that is how I do things. You don't run it by your board? I do not. I had the great good fortune of having a board chair early in my tenure, Joshua Boger, with the founder of Vertex Pharmaceuticals.

17:27And like the founders of companies I'm told more generally, they don't like to be, have a lot of oversight. And Joshua said to me, my job is to support you or fire you. And nothing. How do you know when you've crossed from one boundary to the next? Well, you know. And so my protocol with him and I've been very fortunate, I've had great board chairs ever since. I let them know that there would be something in the press, let's say. But I don't tell them what it is. I had something in the LA Times when I let the board chair know that there'll be something in the LA Times in a couple of days. And that piece was about essentially the rise of authoritarianism, yes. You like to stick your neck out? I don't think, maybe, I guess I like... I don't know, but I don't think other vests are sticking or neck out. We're just engaging in the conversation. And isn't that what we're supposed to do as cultural and educational institutions? Yes, I would say, comma, but I see many, many, many, many people not.

18:29And that's why part of the reason I do it so often is to try to encourage other people. Is it working? No, not yet. This episode of Better and Person is presented by ChatGPT. ChatGPT work moves beyond answers into getting real work done. It's a new experience in ChatGPT for bigger, multi-step projects across web, mobile, and desktop. You can give ChatGPT work a goal and have it gather context, choose an approach, create the output, and continue iterating all while you stay in control. It can help turn messy inputs into useful outputs like briefs, spreadsheets, dashboards, presentations, prototypes, landing pages, and workflows. You can even ask ChatGPT work to take on entire workflows with a single request. Here's an example. It can turn customer research into a campaign brief, use that brief to create marketing assets, and adapt those assets for different markets,

19:30carrying context through every step. Put ChatGPT to work on your most ambitious ideas and projects. Download the new ChatGPT desktop app today. Michael Roth isn't even scared of the free speech debate. He wrote a book called Safe Enough Spaces, and in 2012, Wesleyan hosted the Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia. We have an annual talk that's in doubt in honor of free speech, and there's a faculty group that makes a recommendation to the president. This group recommended I invite Justice Scalia, and I thought they were pulling my leg to see if I would, because they were forward to the left of me, and I thought they wouldn't really do this. I thought, well, he's not going to come, so I'll just invite him, no big deal. So we invite him, and immediately I get a letter back, accepting the invitation, and then he wrote,

20:31a handwritten note on it, saying that his former law clerk, Larry Lesseg, had given this talk the last year, and he knew he had a great experience. Larry is quite forward to the left, and so here's Scalia's coming. Now, my own view is that Scalia had, Justice Scalia had done more harm to the interpretation of the American Constitution than anyone since the 19th century, and some faculty announced that they would be demonstrating, and students would demonstrate, and I knew that if I had not been the president, and having the task of introducing him at the lecture, I would have been demonstrating against him speaking at West Atlanta. Why? Why demonstrating against him speaking? Isn't that the whole idea of the... Well, because I can just demonstrate against the views that he would be discussing. Right, but isn't what we've been talking about here, the whole idea that you want to hear... Of course. No, but... And I wouldn't say that he shouldn't be allowed to speak, but if you're going to invite people, you might invite someone who hasn't done as much harm to the Republic, and honor him in this way.

21:31That would have been my view at Haday Not, had the task of introducing him, and to celebrating him. He spent the whole day on campus with students, much to his credit. We had dinner together with a group of... Even it was saying I have conservative donors, and it was remarkably interesting, and many ways he was as high bound and sexist as his critics would have thought, and he was charming and interesting and very smart. And did he change your mind on anything? I guess the way he changed my mind is how productive a good view to have someone who I thought was wrong with us, how to listen to him speak. And that he was gracious and thoughtful, and we had people stand up in the chapel with who had the talk in Orange Jump Suites to protest the Guantanamo, and we had folks go around saying, you have to sit down or leave, and they sat down on the left. He gave his talk.

22:32There were some questions about Bush v. Gore, and he was, you know, just get over it, he said, remember? And then it was one of my students who yelled at, why don't you call it a woman because you'd only call them men who raised their hands. And he said, okay, I'll call it a woman, yeah. But it was a great event. I mean, what changed my mind was that it was a great event, because he got to make his arguments, people got to push back and ask questions. He had to hurt all these things before. He was ready with replies, and I think everybody learned that you could have a really good discussion with someone who you deeply disagree with. And that's our job. Yeah. That's our job. That is a big part of our job. And I mean this in the nicest possible way, I would not want to do either your jobs for one day. I mean, my job is fantastic. I mean, it is. I've heard you say that, but when I hear the details, I think it takes a special kind of person to process that into fantastic.

23:32And I'm glad you're that person. Well, I just get to spend time with a lot of really interesting people. And if you can do what the projections on to you and their own Michigan, their relation to authority, and you think, I just find that interesting. I don't actually, I had a great mentor at the Getty name, Deborah Marrow, who ran the Getty Foundation for a long time as an artist, and she said to me, Michael, the first rule of administration is don't take anything personally. She said, because people are going to give you credit for things, you have nothing like the football team won the championship. I get credit. You know, Glenn Ligan gave us some artwork. I get credit. And at the same time, I also get blamed for things that I really have no role in. And are you able to, you're able to perform that? You're able to not get too caught up in. I try. I try. What would you say is the biggest misperception about your job when people hear that you run a museum? What do they think you do and how vast is it?

24:33I don't know, actually. You know, when I first came to the museum, people would say things like, oh, do you get paid for that? Barely, yes. I mean, I hope so. Do you take home work that you love? Can you just take something off of it? No. That would be for me then the biggest misperception, because that's what I imagine you're doing. They show every day with big bags. Some museums, their directors have housing that the museum owns. And it's furnished with good art. Yes. That's not the case that I have. But didn't the museum of modern art once upon a time have a lending library essentially? Yeah, I think Brooklyn did too, actually. Is that right? Yeah. No longer. No, and a lot of people think it's a great idea and that we're going to make a lot of money on lending our collection out to people. In fact, I think Brooklyn Public Library just did something like that. But you really cannot do that with valuable work. One, our job is to make sure it lasts in perpetuity.

25:34And you can't control if the dog is peeing on something or the kids are throwing a nerve ball at something. So that's not great. Also, the insurance, the amount of registrars. I mean, it's really a kind of misunderstanding of how we care for art in this day and age. I can see that, but I still like the idea that you can walk into MoMA and say, I kind of like that gorky. Can I have them for a couple of weeks? You know, the answer is still no stiff. All right, fair enough. I tried. Art does sometimes travel well. I'd ask Michael and Anne to bring some show and tell to this conversation. And they both brought art. To be clear, Anne's art did not come off the museum walls. And Michael's decision to bring art probably has something to do with the fact that he used to be president of the California College of the Arts. I asked Anne to go first. She brought a small painting of a boxer lying flat on the canvas. So this is a little painting that my husband gave me for Christmas last year

26:35by an artist named George Wilner. But you've never heard of George Wilner. I never heard of George Wilner. Living dead. Dead. He died. I learned that he was born around 1908 and died around 1970. Would your husband find it? He found it through an online antique store in Portland, Oregon. Your husband's an artist, we should say. He's an artist. A very well-regarded artist. Yes, he is. Mike Stern. And so I looked this up because I wanted to learn more about the artist. He was involved with the American artist Congress in the 1930s. Well, it was at Congress at a time period of depression and growing authoritarianism around the world and fascism. That really asserted the right to free speech. Artists rights and the group of artists, people like Stuart Davis really felt that it was important for artists to work to be political and to engage in public dialogue. But I asked my husband,

27:36why did you give me a painting of a boxer who's been knocked out? And he said, because I see he was a fighter and you always get back up. He still has your gloves on. Exactly. Well, and I thought it was hilarious when I got it. I loved it instantly because that's how I felt last year. I felt flattened out. So I felt really seen by him in that moment. Yeah. That is a very, very lovely gift. Yeah. Do you feel you've gotten up off the canvas then this year? Yeah, I did. Yeah. And how'd you do that? You know, you surround yourself by people who are really supportive. Your staff, your friends, your family, your trustees. And, you know, they say, we believe in you. We think you can do it. And you have to do it. You have no choice but to do it. And people's livelihoods depend on it. OK, now it is Michael's turn. He brought a pair of photographs. The first shows a young couple in a sort of embrace leaning up against a dirty wall. The photo is called Dave and Cookie, Joneson. So this is a photograph by Jim Goldberg. Jim is from New Haven, originally, but he's been in

28:37Northern California for many decades. It's retired now from CCA where I got to know him when I was president of the art school. And this is from a book called Raised by Wolves, which is a story of kids living on the streets in San Francisco. And Jim and his more senior colleague, Larry Sultan, were conceptual photographers, book photographers, Larry, and Mike Mandel, a book of found photographs in the late 60s, I guess, really 70s, that became an important work in the history of photography. And then he did a book from which this is taken called Pictures From Home. This photograph is called Mom and Green Night Gown. In fact, everything in the photo is green. The walls, the shag rug, even the vibe is green. That's Larry's mom, then. That's Larry's mom. There's pictures. So in our living room, we have these two side by side with a large kind of more museum's, the quality photograph of his dad with the golf club.

29:37And Larry, like Jim, put photographs and then with text next to them and his father was saying, why do you make us look so lonely? We actually have a great life here and it's so wonderful. How would he answer that? Because I know that book. And it's true. It's like, and then I remember reading about it later where the parents were saying, like, we actually have a very nice normal life where we interact. But yeah, there's this feeling of sort of that suburban desolation sadness. So why did he do that? Because that's how it felt to him. That's how it felt to him. That's how it felt to him. And he's the artist. They just get to be the parents. I love being explained anything, personally. But looking at art, I think, is something that intimidates a lot of people. Is there anything you could teach me, slash us in the moment? Or maybe this is something that someone who's coming to the Brooklyn Museum that you would want them to know? The first thing I would want people to know is there is not a right way to read an artwork.

30:39And that one of the great joys is just doing what we're doing, which is looking and sharing what we see with one another. I have been in this field for a very long time. And every time I speak with somebody, they see something I never noticed before. Right? So there's always an opportunity to really look deeply, to talk with one another. We realize we all see things differently. I think that's an important human lesson. And then if people want to go a little deeper, they can take a look at how the artist made something. Or when they made it, what was the social or historic context in which they made it? What do the artists have to say about it? It's fun to look at art together in person. But what happens when the art is no longer made by a human? What if it's made by an AI? Oh, well, I don't know if anybody wants to look at art created by AI. But I think that AI can greatly improve the viewer experience.

31:39You can look at an artwork and you can ask AI just about any question. How was it made? When was it made? Tell me about the biography of the artist. Can I say your highlighting one of my major grapes about most museums? Museums? Yeah. I mean, when I see a piece, I mean, that's just the nature of me, I guess, is I want context. I want to know where and when and who the artist was, but I also want to know what was going on there. I want to know what the symbols mean. I want to know all that stuff. So yes, when can I start getting that at you? I actually think in the near future. I don't know, like two years. We might start to see less and less museum labels because there'll be more interfaces for the public to directly get the information that they want. So I think that we're going to see an enhanced, more satisfying museum experience, or gallery experience, tourist experience. I mean, if you take it to an extreme, one might say, oh, maybe I don't need to go to the museum anymore if I can have it. I don't think so.

32:40Because why? What is it about going that will retain its own? First of all, first of all, I think people want to see the object in real life, right? Just think about all the tourists who go and they have to all have the same picture taken, in the same location in Dumbo. Well, the Brooklyn Bridge. What's the piece or three that they take a picture of at your museum? I think probably are great beer-statt painting, Mount Rosalie, the dinner party by Judy Chicago, the Brooklyn Bridge by Georgia O'Keefe. There are a number of works. But I think at the end of the day, people really want to commune with art. And I think the other thing is they really appreciate having a public space together and to learn. Yeah. And I don't think that's going away. I'm not cynical about that at all. Michael, what about you? AI, Wesleyan, education generally? I mean, there are things that are to me disturbing as an old guy. I like giving people assignments that they go home and they work on it. They revise it. They do it again.

33:41And my class is fall. I gave them in class exams instead to prevent cheating. But at the same time, I gave an optional writing assignment every week for extra credit, ungraded, but with comments from me, for those people who want that kind of exchange. And I also required them to use an AI chatbout that we made for the class, where they would talk about the material in the class with what I called the aggressive therapist AI. It's a course on virtue and vice. You would say, well, for my week of practicing temperance, I'm going to cut down on my smoking. And the AI would say, well, how do you think you smoke? Well, I really like to taste. Really, you don't think it has something to do with your being nervous about. And then you answer and you try to deflect the question and the AI pushes you back. So they have to do that for 10 minutes. I say I like that assignment. That's good. But also, I also added an hour of class time where with no technology, you get in the room with 10 people who all had separate conversations.

34:42And then you talk about what you learned in those conversations. And the TAs run those. Tell me that the conversations are really much more animated because everybody's primed. So I think there are ways of combining AI as a compliment to education. And to get rid of the things that we really shouldn't be doing in expensive colleges, universities, which are telling people things they could get online or in a textbook. So if that were to really happen fully, whether it's university, high school, grade school, what should be happening more in those classrooms now that you're no longer having to spend so much time transferring learning by doing? Yeah. You take on projects with your classmates and your teacher and every project can be different because you're feeling differently that day. The team is different. The group you're working is different. That sounds like a very different version of college. In some respects, I think people go to museums to be in the presence of artwork, to go to sports events, to be in the presence with other people of someone working at the or playing at the highest level. And in education, you should be in there to be in the presence of

35:47people who are learning together. People want a social experience. We're more and more isolated than yet we're human beings and we're social animals and we want to be together. I remember being in a Marco Rathco exhibition in Washington years ago and I was maybe two or three people in the whole museum and this woman kept going in front of the paintings and she would go, oh my god! And she started to weep and she and so the guards came over and I said, you know, to me it was like was so much a more interesting experience because we were having this experience of looking at the paintings together. Thanks for checking out this audio episode of our new TV talk show Better in Person. If you'd like to see the conversation and the paintings go to the Freakonomics YouTube channel or look for Better in Person on Apple Podcasts. Our email is radioatfreakonomics.com. We will be back soon right here with more Freakonomics radio. Until then take care of yourself and if

36:52you can, someone else too. Do you know how I love hiring Wesleyan students? Oh that sounds very good. I do because you train them to be independent thinkers. That can be a pain in the ass sometimes. Yes that's true, maybe I should rethink that. Thanks again to ChatGPT for sponsoring today's episode of Better in Person. ChatGPT can help teams move from goals to real outcomes, put ChatGPT to work on your most ambitious ideas and projects. Download the new ChatGPT desktop app today.