Louisiana Man Allegedly Killed His Wife And Drove Her Body Across States Before Arrest

0:00Shop vans and Albertsons for fresh savings every time you shop! This week at vans and Albertsons, get fresh boneless, skinless chicken breasts for 1.99 per pound limit 10 pounds, and locally grown grape-ary cotton candy grapes are 2.99 per pound with digital coupon. Plus, 24 packs of Canada Dry or 7-up 12-ounce cans are 4.99 limit 1 with digital coupon. Enjoy fresh and delicious savings for every meal! Hurry in! These deals won't last! Visit vans or Albertsons.com for more deals and ways to save! Hi, this is Dave Roberts. Heading into summer without a medical emergency kit, that's a risk. Summer colds can linger and getting sick on vacation can derail everything. That's why everyone needs a medical emergency kit. It includes doctor prescribed medications to treat common and serious illnesses. So if you wake up sick, at home or on the road, you already have what you need. It's like having an urgent care and pharmacy at home. Say $45 with cold blue at urgentcarekit.com. Slash blue. Urgentcarekit.com. Slash blue.

1:02Shop vans and Albertsons for fresh savings every time you shop! This week at vans and Albertsons, get fresh boneless, skinless chicken breasts for 1.99 per pound limit 10 pounds, and locally grown grape-ary cotton candy grapes are 2.99 per pound with digital coupon. Plus, 24 packs of Canada Dry or 7-up 12-ounce cans are 4.99 limit 1 with digital coupon. Enjoy fresh and delicious savings for every meal! Hurry in! These deals won't last! Visit vans or Albertsons.com for more deals and ways to save! Imagine you're just driving down to Interstate 55. It's a completely unremarkable afternoon. The sun is out, the traffic is flowing at its usual pace. Just a normal day on the road. Exactly. And you glance over at the car in the lane next to you. The driver has both hands on the wheel, maybe he uses his turn signal to change lanes or checks his mirrors. From the outside, it is just the most mundane teblow of American Highway life. But what you don't know, what you could not possibly fathom from the safety of your

2:05own driver's seat, is that the woman strapped into the passenger seat beside him, has been deceased for hours. Oh wow. I mean, that image alone just shatters our entire baseline assumption of social order. It really does. We rely on the visibility of public spaces like the highway or the cars right next to us to act as a, well, a natural deterrent to the extreme. Right, because everyone can see you. Exactly. The sheer proximity of hundreds of other motorists is supposed to guarantee a certain adherence to reality. To pilot a vehicle through that shared space under those specific, horrifying conditions, it requires a complete detachment from the shared human experience. And then is exactly why we are pulling this specific thread today for our deep dive. We're taking a stack of sources, primarily a deeply unsettling article from the Guardian, alongside some local reporting and public health data. And we're going to extract the anatomy of this tragedy. It's definitely a lot to get through. Yeah, it is. We are looking at the case of Tyrone Brazil, a 50 year old man from Louisiana and his wife,

3:09Linessa Brandford, who was also 50. The timeline begins with a localized, horrific event in a public park. And it just spirals into a multi-state mystery. Which is why we need to look at the broader context. Right. Our mission today is to look way beyond that shocking headline. We're going to dissect the psychological mechanics of a thwarted escape plan, the dissonance of the suspect, and the really sobering public health statistics that reframe this entire incident. It's so crucial to understand those underlying mechanics. So let's unpack this. Because the origin point is just as jarring as that highway drive. This did not start in some secluded basement. No, it did. It started at Independence Community Park in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. And that setting, you know, it's the critical piece of the psychological puzzle here. Independence Community Park. Think about what a community park represents. It's for everyone, families, kids. Exactly. It is designed for maximum visibility. In sightlines, recreational facilities, daytime foot traffic, intimate partner violence,

4:11by its very nature, usually relies on isolation. Right behind closed doors. Yes. The architecture of coercive control is built on separating the victim from witnesses, from intervention, from the entire community. Which makes a fatal argument in broad daylight at a public park feel like a massive anomaly. I mean, put yourself in the shoes of someone trying to understand this. You just assume that abusers want to hide their actions. That's the logical assumption. Yes. You assume the fear of getting caught, the fear of public intervention acts as a barrier. For Brazil to allegedly shoot and kill his wife in that specific environment, it suggests that the internal drive to exert ultimate final control completely obliterated any self-preservation instinct. Yeah, the setting just ceased to exist for him. Right. He didn't care who was watching. That is a profound escalation. In violent spills out of the private sphere and erupts in the communal square like that, it indicates a psychological threshold has been irrevocably crossed. Meaning he's not even trying to hide it anymore.

5:12Exactly. The perpetrator is no longer managing an image or calculating risk. The need to neutralize the perceived threat, in this case, Linus' independence or her intention to leave, overrides the environmental context. That is terrifying. It is. The public park becomes, in his mind, merely the stage for this ultimate assertion of dominance. It's totally devoid of the social rules that govern everyone else using that space. So the unthinkable happens in the park. But it's his next move that completely defies any standard expectation of criminal behavior. I mean, if that public space was just a stage, you would expect the reality the crying to crash down on him the second it was over. You'd expect the adrenaline to drop and panic to set in. Exactly. The gunshot, the immediate aftermath, the typical albeit grim responses panic, the perpetrator flees on foot, they speed away to hide, or perhaps they succumb to the shock and just stay at the scene. But Brazil bypasses all of those predictable human reactions. He really does. He takes Linus' body, places are in the passenger seat of his car, secures her and just starts

6:18driving. And he embarks on an odyssey that stretches nearly 400 miles. 400 miles. Let that sink in. Trace that geographic reality for a moment. Departing from Baton Rouge, driving entirely through the state of Mississippi and ending up in downtown Memphis, Tennessee. That's a massive distance. We are talking about roughly five hours of continuous highway driving, five hours of navigating interchanges, paying attention to speed limits, stopping for fuel, all while occupying the incredibly intimate space of a car cabin with the person he just murdered. Wait, I need to stop on that detail because the mechanics of this are just staggering. Why the passenger seat? It is bizarre. If a person has just committed a fatal crime and needs to transport the victim, the trunk is the dark, concealed, logical choice for a criminal trying to avoid detection. Right. Hiding her in the passenger seat is like hiding in plain sight. It is. It feels almost performative. How does a human brain process that reality? Is it pure denial or is it something more twisted?

7:19It's likely a manifestation of profound cognitive compartmentalization heavily laced with residual control. Media, he's still trying to control the situation. Right. The passenger seat is the seat of companionship. By placing her there, he is physically constructing a narrative like a visual pantomime of their marriage. To the outside world and critically, to his own fractured psyche in that moment, they're just a couple on a road trip. The trunk is about disposal and acknowledging a crime. Helping her in the trunk makes it real. Exactly. The passenger seat allows for a bizarre, grotesque extension of normalcy. It's a way to delay the ending. He has exerted the ultimate fatal control over her life. And now he gets to control her physical presence beside him without any pushback. Without any argument. Yeah. But practically speaking, how does someone actually execute that drive? How do you check your blind spot, use a turn signal or navigate a four-way stop when the reality of what you've done is sitting inches away from your right arm?

8:20That requires a psychological state resembling dissociation or a fugue state. His brain just unplugs. Basically. The brain simply cannot process the magnitude of the trauma and the immediate logistical demands of operating a motor vehicle simultaneously. So it bifurcates. It splits the tasks. Right. The executive functioning required to press the gas pedal, read highway signs, and merge into traffic operates on a superficial automated level. Like driving on autopilot. Meanwhile, the emotional and factual reality of the deceased passenger is walled off suppressed into a psychological blind spot. It is the only way the mind can function well enough to traverse three state lines without completely short circuiting into paralysis. And it almost worked. He makes it 400 miles. He gets all the way to downtown Memphis. But the way this ends. Isn't a massive coordinated FBI manhunt triggered by witnesses at the Baton Rouge Park? No, not at all. It isn't a dramatic helicopter chase across state lines. He's brought down by a simple traffic violation.

9:22The mundane tripwire. Yeah. It is one of the most fascinating phenomena in the criminal justice system. It really is. The extremity of a complex, horrific crime is so frequently unraveled by the sheer bureaucratic banality of this system. A broken tailed and expired tag or rolling through a stop sign. Think about the officers in Memphis. They light up a vehicle for a standard traffic infraction. They approach the driver's side window, probably expecting to ask for a license in registration. Maybe I'm out of ticket. Just a routine stop. The absolute shock that must have hit those patrol officers when they looked into the passenger seat and discovered Linessa Bradford with a fatal gunshot wound. It's impossible to overstate. Instantly, that single, localized traffic stop transforms into a multi-jurisdictional nightmare. So I can't even imagine the paperwork. You have Brazil arrested as a fugitive on the street in Tennessee. You have a primary crime scene back in Louisiana. And you have a mobile crime scene, the vehicle itself, that has traversed the entire state

10:24of Mississippi. The legal chain of custody for evidence in a situation like that must be incredibly fragile. It creates a labyrinth of red tape. The Memphis authorities have to hold an extradition hearing just to send him back to Louisiana to face the second degree murder chart. Right, because of the state lines. Exactly. The evidentiary timeline is smeared across 400 miles of interstate. Did they stop for gas in Mississippi? Are there surveillance cameras along the road? They have to retrace everything. The logistics of prosecuting a crime that refuses to stay within its jurisdictional borders are immensely complicated. All triggered by his irrational decision to keep driving. But to truly comprehend how they ended up in that park in Baton Rouge in the first place, we have to rewind. Because looking at this solely through the lens of that bizarre road trip obscures the actual anatomy of the tragedy. It's only the very end of the story. Right. This wasn't a sudden out of the blue explosion of violence. There was a meticulous, desperate architecture of escape being built in the background.

11:24And that's where we learn about Linesa. Yes, the sources introduce us to the reality of Linesa Bradford's life. Through her longtime friend, Shalika Decker, who spoke to the local Memphis CBS affiliate WRAG. The introduction of Linesa's perspective fundamentally shifts our understanding of this event. She was 50 years old, employed at an elementary school, deeply embedded in her community. Had a whole life. But according to Decker, the marriage was in crisis, and Linesa had communicated to Brazil that she intended to leave. And we have to really examine that word, leave. Because when you or I think about leaving a relationship, it usually involves very standard logistical steps. Like having a conversation. Yeah, you have some difficult conversations. You might hire a lawyer. You pack your clothes into boxes. You rent a moving van, and you sign a new lease. You transition your life from one physical space to another. A normal separation. But based on Decker's account, Linesa was not moving out. She was attempting a total vanishing act. The specifics provided by her friend highlight a terrifying level of perceived threat.

12:28It really does. Decker states explicitly that Linesa had saved up money, formulated a plan, and was preparing to just vanish. She's coordinating with family out of town. And crucially, she was planning to abandon her car and all of her belongings. Let's break down the mechanics of what it actually takes to execute that. If you are in a coercive, controlling marriage, how do you even begin to save money? It requires an exhausting daily reginin of covert operations. Financial control is a cornerstone of intimate partner violence. Meaning he watches every dime. Often, yes, the abuser monitors bank accounts, scrutinizes receipts, and tracks every dollar. To save money, a victim might have to get cash back in tiny increments at the grocery store, five or ten dollars at a time, and hide it somewhere the abuser would never look. Just scraping it together. They might have to divert a fraction of a paycheck into a secondary secret account, assuming they even have the autonomy to open one. It is a slow, agonizing process of siphoning resources under the constant threat of discovery.

13:31And then there is the decision to leave the car behind. That is a detail that really stopped me in my tracks. A car is mobility. It is independence. It's usually the first thing you need to escape. Right. It is exactly what you need to get away. But she planned to leave it. Why? The car is a liability. Absolutely. It has a license plate that can be flagged. It has a VIN number. It might have a hidden GPS tracker tucked under the bumper by a paranoid partner. If you take the car, you are dragging a massive digital and physical breadcrumb trail right behind you. That is the tragic calculation she was forced to make. It parallels the protocols of the witness protection program. Well, that's a really good comparison. In that program, the state recognizes that a person's life is in such imminent peril that their only chance of survival is the complete immediate erasure of their past identity, location and assets. They just had to disappear. For Linesa leaving her car, her clothes, her furniture, her entire material history wasn't a matter of convenience.

14:33It was a tactical necessity to buy her physical safety. Think about the psychological weight of that. You are a 50-year-old woman with a career at an elementary school. You have built a life. A life you should be enjoying. Exactly. Reach a point where you look around at everything you own, everything you have worked for, and you realize that holding onto any of it might get you killed. You have to willingly vaporize your own existence just to survive. Decker's quote summarizes it perfectly. That was the only way she would be able to get away from him. It is a devastating indictment of the trap of coercive control. Leaving is not a negotiation. It is a hostile extraction. And her connection to that elementary school is another vital thread in this narrative. Good job. Yes. The historical notes that it was Linessa's colleagues at the school who asked the Baton Rouge police to conduct a welfare check after she missed several days of work. Which speaks volumes about how these situations are often discovered. The workplace is frequently the final tether a victim has to the outside world. Abusers systematically dismantle their victim's support networks.

15:36They push everyone else away. They isolate them from family. They cause drama with friends until the friends drift away. But the job is often required for income. Being the victim still has to show up adhere to a schedule and interact with colleagues. So the co-workers become the default safety net. For Linessa, those co-workers were a critical safety net. They knew her routine. When she didn't show up, they knew immediately that something was catastrophically wrong. That welfare check is the alarm ball ringing. But unfortunately it was ringing too late. She had this incredibly detailed plan. She had the secret funds. She was so close. She had the family support waiting out of town. She was ready to leave the car and disappear. So how do they end up face to face in a public park? The sources don't give us the granular play by play of how that meeting occurred. No, that part is missing from the reporting. Did he intercept her? Did she agree to one final conversation in a public place, assuming the daylight and the crowds would keep her safe? We don't know.

16:36But her intense preparation begs a massive question about the man she was trying to escape. Shop vans and Albertsons for fresh savings every time you shop. This week at vans and Albertsons, get fresh, boneless, skinless chicken breasts for $199 per pound limit 10 pounds. And locally grown grape ory cotton candy grapes are $299 per pound with digital coupon. Plus 24 packs of canada dry or 7-up 12-ounce cans are $499 limit 1 with digital coupon. Enjoy fresh and delicious savings for every meal. Hurry in! These deals won't last. Get vans or Albertsons.com for more deals and ways to save.

17:38What kind of threat was she actually living with? Exactly. What exactly was she dealing with behind closed doors? Decker's interview provides the critical context for Linus' terror. She reveals that Brazil lived with mental health problems, but more specifically that he had previously threatened to kill himself or his wife when she brought up her plans to leave. The murder suicide threat. It is the absolute nuclear option of domestic abuse. The highest level of escalation. But I want to really dig into the mechanics of why that specific threat is so paralyzing. If someone threatens to kill you, you run. But when they threaten to kill themselves if you leave, how does that change the psychological battlefield? It weaponizes the victors' own empathy and conscience against them. It's incredibly manipulative. Extremely. When an abuser threatens suicide, they are essentially taking the victim hostage emotionally. They are placing the responsibility for their life squarely on the victim's shoulders.

18:41Like if I die, it's your fault. If you walk out that door, my blood is on your hands. For a compassionate person, someone who has loved this partner, someone who may be heavily invested in their well-being despite the abuse, that is an almost impossible burden to step over. It creates a psychological checkmate. If she stays, she is subjected to escalating control and potential violence. But if she leaves. If she leaves, she is terrified, she will trigger a catastrophic explosion where either he dies, she dies, or both. You can't just serve divorce papers to a dynamic like that. No, regular rules don't apply. You don't hand legal documents to a live grenade. You try to quietly defuse it and walk away before it realizes you are gone. And this highlights a core metric used in flood assessment for intimate partner violence. Revevious threats of homicide or suicide, especially when a victim is attempting to leave, are statistically among the highest red flags for imminent lethality. That's the most dangerous window. The period when a victim is asserting independence and breaking the control is the most dangerous

19:44time in the entire relationship. His threats were not empty rhetoric. They were a clear broadcast of his ultimate boundaries. Which makes another comment from her friend, Shalika Decker. So fascinating, but also so common. She tells the reporter, we all hung around each other and this is just not the same person that we grew up with. That dissonance is very typical. How do we reconcile that? A man who is exerting this suffocating terror-inducing control, threatening murder suicide, and eventually driving a corpse across state lines. It's hard to mesh the two versions of him. But to his childhood friends, he was someone totally different. Is it a sudden snap? Did he just lose his mind one afternoon? The sudden snap theory is a myth that provides false comfort. It allows society to believe that violence is unpredictable in random. Like lightning striking. Right. But the reality, heavily documented in cases of coercive control, is a slow, methodical compartmentalization. Abusers rarely display their controlling behaviors to the outside world.

20:46They save it for behind closed doors. Exactly. They can be incredibly charming, stable, and socially adept with friends, colleagues, and neighbors. Because if you act like a monster in public, the community intervenes. Control requires a pristine public image so that if the victim ever does speak out, no one believes them. Precisely. The abuser builds a fortress of credibility outside the home. The terror, the ultimatums, the surveillance that is reserved exclusively for the private sphere directed solely at the partner. Well, that's dark. So when the violence finally ruptures the seal and spills into a public park, the cognitive dissonance experience by the friends in the community is staggering. They are witnessing the collision of two completely disparate personas. The guy they knew versus the abuser. The man Decker grew up with may have existed in fragments, but over time, fueled by untreated mental health issues and a desperate need for control, a highly dangerous entity took the wheel. The mask didn't just slip.

21:46It was obliterated. And as surreal and cinematic as the details of the specific case are, the five hour drive with a deceased passenger, the witness protection style escape plan, the traffic stuff, the underlying architecture of how this tragedy unfolded is terrifyingly common. It happens every day. We have to zoom out now. We need to take this micro tragedy and look at the macro data provided in the sources because it completely reached. According to the CDC, approximately 20% of all homicide victims in the United States die at the hands of an intimate partner. 20%. One out of every five murderers across the entire country, regardless of context, gang violence, robberies or random altercation. Right out of everything. One in five is committed by a current or former partner. That alone is a staggering baseline. But the data gets much more specific and much darker when you look at the gender breakdown. The disparity is where the true crisis reveals itself. The CDC data indicates that more than half over 50% of female homicide victims in the

22:49US are killed by male intimate partners. Let's really pause on that math because it is the most important takeaway of this entire discussion. It is the core issue. If 20% of all homicides are intimate partner violence, but over 50% of female homicides fall into this category, we are looking at an undeniable glaring picture of gendered risk. It demands a complete paradigm shift in how we view risk and safety. For a woman living in the United States, statistically speaking, the most dangerous person in her life is not the proverbial stranger hiding in a dark alley. It's not the boogie man outside. No, it is not a burglar kicking in the front door. The greatest statistical threat to her life is the person she shares a home with, the person she is currently or was previously involved with. That is just it's a harsh reality to accept. When over half of all female homicides share the exact same relational profile, we can no longer dismiss cases like Linessa Bradford as isolated, unpredictable, domestic incidents. It is a systemic predictable pattern.

23:50You can map it. And the state of Louisiana where this specific tragedy originated is hyper aware of this pattern. It definitely are. The sources reference a 2024 report from Louisiana's Department of Health and the terminology they use is incredibly deliberate. They categorize intimate partner violence as a significant public health concern. That phrasing is key. Now, I want to explore that specific phrasing when I hear public health concern, my brain immediately jumps to epidemiology. I think of COVID-19. I think of contaminated municipal water supplies or lead paint in schools or an outbreak of a novel virus. Biological threats. Mostly. Right. I think of diseases. Intimate partner violence is a crime. It involves a perpetrator, a victim, a weapon, and the penal code. How does treating a violent crime like a virus actually change anything about how society handles it? It changes the entire timeline of intervention. The traditional criminal justice model is inherently reactive.

24:50It waits for something bad to happen. Exactly. It is activated only after the law has been broken. The police are called after the punches thrown, after the threat is made, or tragically, after the trigger is pulled. Too late for the victim. By the time the criminal justice system is fully engaged, the damage is already done. For victims like Linessa Bradford, the criminal justice system can arrest Brazil, they can hold extradition hearings, they can sentence him to prison. But they can't bring her back. They cannot rewind the clock and save her life. The justice system is essentially the cleanup crew. Exactly. A public health approach, however, focuses on prevention, root causes, and systemic risk factors before the disease becomes fatal. Give me an example based on my water analogy. Think about your analogy of the contaminated water supply. If people in a town are getting sick from the water, the criminal justice approach is to arrest the person who poisoned the well, but only after people have died. The public health approach is to constantly test the water, identify the contamination early, shut down the well, and treat the underlying vulnerability before anyone consumes it.

25:53So how do you apply that testing and prevention model to domestic violence? What does a public health intervention actually look like mechanically? It looks like systemic cross-disciplinary safety nets. It means training primary care physicians and emergency room nurses to screen for coercive control and financial abuse, not just physical bruises. Asking the right questions. Exactly. It means looking at untreated mental health issues, like the one's decker explicitly mentioned Brazil struggled with, and providing accessible, mandatory interventions before those issues metastasize into homicidal ideation. Treating the root cause. It means implementing widespread community education, so that friends, family, and co-workers recognize the early warning signs of isolation and threats, empowering them to intervene safely. So under a robust public health model, Brazil's prior threats of murder and suicide wouldn't just be viewed as a private marital dispute that the police can't do much about until he acts on it. Right, they wouldn't just ignore it.

26:54Those threats would be treated like a positive test for a highly contagious deadly disease. You would trigger an immediate systemic response to isolate the threat and protect the vulnerable party. And the urgency for implementing that exact model in Louisiana is underscored by the final data point in our sources. The Louisiana Coalition Against Domestic Violence emphasizes that the state's rate of women murdered by men has historically been significantly higher than the national average. Higher than the national average. This isn't just a broader national trend. It is an epidemic that is particularly entrenched and lethal within Louisiana's borders. And the state consistently outpaces the national average in this specific category of violence. It points to a localized systemic failure. It means whatever safety nets currently exist, whether they are legal restraining orders, shelter funding, mental health resources, or societal awareness, are simply not catching victims before they hit the ground. The system is porous. Which brings us full circle right back to Linus's desperate heart-breaking escape plan.

27:57Why did she feel she had to secretly siphon money? Why was she preparing to abandon her car, her belongings, and her entire established life just to vanish? Because no one was coming to help her. She did because the existing systems, the reactive criminal justice system, the fragmented social support systems, did not offer her a viable, visible, packed safety. She assessed her reality, looked at her options, and concluded that total self-arrager was her only functional shield. She had to become a ghost, just to avoid becoming a casualty. It is an incredibly heavy realization. We started this deep dive looking at a singular localized event, a fatal argument in Independence Community Park in Baton Rouge, a space that is designed by the community to be safe and visible. And from that park, we followed the physical and psychological journey of a suspect who was so deeply detached from reality that he strapped his deceased wife into the passenger seat and drove 400 miles across three state lines, simulating a normal sea that had been entirely destroyed. We saw how that macabre road trip wasn't ended by a massive tactical response, but by

29:02the sheer mundane coincidence of a Memphis traffic violation. A broken rule. We unravel the anatomy of Linessa Bradford's forted escape, recognizing the immense courage, the logistical calculation, and the sheer terror it took to prepare to abandon everything she owned for a sliver of a chance at freedom. And we explored the jarring dissonance of a perpetrator whose outward face to childhood friends completely masked the deadly controlling dynamic he wielded in private. Finally, we zoomed out to confront the macro data. The CDC statistics revealing that over half of female homicide victims are killed by intimate partners and the dire context of Louisiana where this violence is rightfully labeled a public health crisis because the historical rates are so persistently high. This single bizarre news story is actually a devastating microcosm of a much larger systemic failure. It forces us to completely reconsider our assumptions about where danger lies, what the signs of a threat actually look like, and what kind of resources we are providing to those who

30:04are silently, desperately planning their escape and plane site. I want to leave you our listener with a final thought to mull over, building on everything we have unpacked today. It's an important question. Linessa Bradford felt her absolute only option to survive was to save money in secret, abandon everything she had built, and effectively erase her own existence. What would a society look like if, instead of forcing victims to completely vanish into thin air just to be safe, the public health system was robust enough to actively intervene the moment the very first threat was made? What if the community safety net was actually visible and the violence was the thing forced to disappear? Thank you for joining us on this deep dive. Keep questioning the deeper layers behind the headlines and take care of yourselves out there. Hi, this is Dave Roberts. Heading into summer without a medical emergency kit, that's a risk. Summer colds can linger and getting sick on vacation can derail everything. That's why everyone needs a medical emergency kit. It includes Dr. prescribed medications to treat common and serious illnesses.

31:04So if you wake up sick, at home or on the road, you already have what you need. It's like having an urgent care and pharmacy at home. Say $45 with code blue at urgentcarekit.com. Slashblue. UrgentCareKit.com. Slashblue.