Molten Planets and Solar Storms: Unveiling Cosmic Wonders

0:00The Space Time Series 29 episode 100-Nade for broadcast on the 9th September, 2026. Coming up on Space Time, discovery of a new class of molten planet, ancient tree warnings about the next big solar storm, and two giant blobs of hot rock discovered on the Earth's core mantle boundary. Or that and more coming up on Space Time. The Space Time Series 29 episode 100-Nade for broadcast on the 9th September, 2026. Astronomers have discovered a new type of molten planet behind our solar system. The findings reported in the journal Nature Astronomy suggest this strange exoplanet stores larger amounts of sulfur deep within a permanent ocean of magma.

1:00The exoplanet known as L9859D is about 1.6 times the size of the Earth, and orbits a small red dwarf star about 35 light years away. Observations with NASA's web-space telescope suggested something unusual. The planet had an especially low density given its size, and it pieced to contain significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide in its atmosphere. Until now, astronomers would have placed the planet like this into one of two very familiar categories, either a rocky gas twelfth with an atmosphere of hydrogen or a water world made up of deep oceans and ice. But the new findings show that L9859D fits another description. Instead, it appears to belong to an entirely different class of planet, one containing heavy sulfur molecules. To try and work out what's going on, astronomers use computer simulations to try and reconstruct this strange-world's evolution over the past five billion years. By directly linking telescope observations to these physical models of planetary interiors and atmospheres,

2:03the authors were able to determine what must be going on deep inside the planet. And their results revealed that the mantle of L9859D is likely molten silicate, similar to lava here on Earth, with a global magma-rosion extending thousands of kilometers beneath. This vast molten reservoir allows the planet to store extremely large amounts of sulfur deep inside its interior and maintain that over geologic timescales. The magma-rosion also helps L9859D to retain a thick hydrogen-rich atmosphere containing sulfur-bearing gases like hydrogen sulfide. And normally, this would be lost into space over time due to x-ray radiation produced by the host star. The studies lead all the Harrison Nichols from Oxford University says the finding suggest that L9859D may be the first recognized member of a broader population of gas-rich sulfurous planets sustaining long-lived magma-rosions. Now, if that's the case, it means that a

3:03diversity of worlds within our galaxy, the universe for that matter, may be even greater than previously imagined. Web observations from 2024 pointed to the presence of software oxide among other software gases, high in L9859D's upper atmosphere. The new models show that these gases can be created with ultraviolet light from the host star, the Red Dwarfield 9859 Trigger's Chemical Reactions. At the same time, the magma-rosion below acts as a massive reservoir for buffering these volatile gases, storing and releasing them over billions of years after the planet was formed. This combination of deep volatile gases within its interior and ultraviolet-driven atmospheric chemistry explains the planet's notable properties. According to the simulations, L9859D likely formed with a large amount of volatile material, and may once have looked more like sort of a large subneption planet. And over billions of years, it gradually shrank as a cooled and lost some of its atmosphere. Now, of course, magma-rosions represent the universal

4:08initial states of all rocky planets, including planets like the Earth and Mars. So the new insights into magma-ocean physics can inform scientists about our own world and its primordial history. This is space-time. Still to come, what ancient tree rings are telling us about the next big solar storm and two giant blobs of heart rock discovered on the Earth's core metal boundary? Or that and more still to come? On space-time. New evidence in tree ring records are warning scientists that our sun can become far more violent than previously thought. The findings reported in the journal communications Earth and Environment demonstrate how our local start can unleash a solar storm far larger than we've ever recorded, and at study of some of the planet's oldest trees suggest that we could soon be due for one of these events. The first clear signs of exceptionally high solar activity came from

5:12Japanese cedar trees. In 2012, first in Miyaki, we're studying slices of ancient Japanese cedar taken from a tree filled in the 1950s. It had grown on Yakeshima Island, a protected site fame for a song live tree some of which have stood for millennia, laying down one ring of wood after another year after year. These tree rings are not just markers of age, they're also annual records of the Earth's atmosphere and studying them could help scientists predict and prepare for future disruptive solar storms. The key is the relative proportion of carbon-14 in each tree ring. It reveals how active the sun was each year. While examining these ancient tree records, Miyaki discovered that between the year 774 and 775, the amount of this isotope, carbon-14 in the cedar, jumped by about 12 parts per thousand, roughly 20 times larger than the chains expected from ordinary variations in the sun. The massive spike means Earth's atmosphere must have been hit by a

6:13sudden burst of unusually energetic particles, and the same signature was later identified in trees from North America and Europe. And the measurements of another radioactive radium-tenion ice-coast samples further confirmed the discovery. Now, scientists initially speculate that the cause may have been a nearby supernova explosion, a gamma ray burst, or maybe a blast from a neutron star. Now these have all been ruled out because the nearest possible sources are far too distant. And that lifts solar flares from the sun as the most likely cause. Solar flares happen with magnetic energy that's been building up in the sun's atmosphere suddenly released. In a matter of minutes, the patch of the sun can brighten violently, ejecting radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to x-rays. Often these eruptions are accompanied by streams of high-speed charged particles and vast bubbles of magnetized plasma known as coronal mass ejections. Scientists know unusually large solar flares have hit the Earth before, the most famous being the Carrington event in 1859. That eruption was so

7:19intense that telegraph lines across Europe and North America caught fire. Telegraph operators suddenly got electric shocks, and a rural light snow that confined to polar latitudes was seen deep into the tropics. Ever since, Carrington has been the benchmark for solar violence. But the strange thing is, even Carrington wasn't powerful enough to leave a clear carbon 14 signature in tree rings. To do that, the sun would need to unleash a storm at least 10 times larger, a super flare. Now, since Miyaki's first discovery, scientists have found five more Miyaki events occurring roughly every 2,000 years. In 2013, Miyaki's team found a second spark in cedar and cypress rings confirmed in European oak and Siberian large. Then using burilium-ten measurements from Greenland ice cores and matching the carbon 14 signatures in Polish oak, scientists were able to identify another in the year 664. In 2022, two more events were identified, followed by a fifth in subfossil scotspine from the French Alps in 2023. That one

8:24dated back to a massive blast some 14,350 years ago. Although these super flares are rare, they still represent a challenge for scientists understanding of solar physics. That's because stars like our sun aren't expected to produce events on this scale. However, the evidence is clear, they have happened in the past and could happen again. To determine how likely these super flares are, scientists have been sifting through the records, combining high-resolution carbon 14 data from tree rings spanning almost any time millennium. And they've now come up with 8 more signatures, not quite as big as the Miyake super flares, but significant nevertheless. Five of these when newly measured in European oak, mainly from Germany and France, or three came from existing tree ring data sets. They then modeled Earth's carbon cycle to search for abrupt increases in carbon 14, finding four candidate intermediate events around the year's 14, 553, 675 and 954,

9:25meaning a frequency of around 1 every 200 years. Benjamin Pope from Aquarius University says the exact nature of the danger posed by these intermediate class events depends on what's actually causing them. Pope says if the culprit is a coronal mass ejection, the main threat would come from the way the event distorts Earth's magnetic field. It could trigger a geometric storm, driving unwanted currents through power grids, pipelines and other long conductive systems. The damage would be uneven, shaped by geography, geology and the layout of the infrastructure on the ground. It warns of a scenario in which an event may take out critical manufacturing capabilities. But interpreting solar events from carbon 14 can be complex. See, the carbon 14 spikes made high in the atmosphere, it then has to filter down into the air that the trees absorb. And by then, a tree may already be growing new wood using carbon stored from previous years. Wood that's formed at the start of the annual growth season could be especially prone to

10:27this blurring, while later growing wood may offer a clearer annual signal. Pope says some tree rings start growing around spring, but the carbon they used to grow that ring could be from previous years. The point of this work isn't only to work at how often civilization might be jotted by a super solar storm. Miyaki events may be telling us something profound about the sun itself. Pope says the real question remains when will the next big solar storm come and just how bad will it be? So there's this thing called radio carbon dating where you measure the contents of carbon 14 and isotopes that's radioactive compared to carbon 12 which is most of the carbon in the world which is stable and you measure the content of carbon 14 and something and you're able to tell how old it is because carbon 14 is produced by radiation hitting the atmosphere. It filters through the atmosphere, the carbon cycle into plants and animals you and me and we are all constantly being topped up with fresh carbon 14 from the air and from the things we eat. The thing is though

11:28when we die which does happen to all of us, this top up stops happening and so it means that now the amount of carbon 14 which is radioactive and starts to decay is like a clock that can tell you how old how old something is. So the thing you need to know in order to tell how old something is is you measure the amount of radio carbon in it and you compare it to the amount of sugar that started with but here's your problem. How do you know how much it started with and so there's actually a different amount of radiation striking out the sphere every year producing a different amount of radio carbon and so there's no really easy way to be able to say from a physics or astronomy how much you should have started with and therefore how old the sample is. So what you got to do is take advantage of another type of clock that nature has provided us with that is tree rings. So every tree ring records a year of growth you can see there's in your hardwood table and so the trick is that a good year and a bad year are usually the same good year and the same bad year for all the trees are the same species and same region and so what it means is that the pattern of long and short

12:29tree rings is really the same across all the different trees are the same species and same region where I might mean all the Huan pines and Tasmania or all the oaks in Europe or something right so I mean quite a big region and quite a big species right and so what you can therefore do is you can read these like a barcode and say how old some tree rings are to the exact year what you do is you start by day's enchanting them you look at an old tree today and you know what the date is today and you count 200 years down back in time but then you look at older trees there might be in buildings or they might be fossilized in bulk or whatever you look at these older trees and you try and say okay where do these barcodes overlap the one we know and so you can build up a library going back millennia sometimes for some species and some regions of these tree ring barcodes that allow you to do a science called dendro chronology which is great for tree timing means you can find a sample of wood from any given year going all the way back to the ice age and so it means that you can say I know exactly how old this wood is and then I can measure the amount of radio carbon in it and therefore I can tell how much radio carbon it started with and so scientists have been using

13:32this decade in order to do archaeology better they've also been interested in doing astronomy with these trees so using the world's forests as the world's biggest telescope by saying well okay we're interested in not in the archaeology then we might be that specifically and how and why does the amount of radiation heading atmosphere vary from year to year and so turns out that this is basically related mainly to solar activity so the sun waxes and wanes and strength in terms of magnetic fields every 11 years and so when the magnetic field strong it blocks out a lot of radiation from reaching the earth and when it's weak a lot of radiation is let through it's like a force field protecting this from cosmic rays so I mean sometimes you have more radio carbon sometimes you have left so fast so good and so there was the scientist who sent the archaea's her name would be called the the archaea of answer to this reason who went and took a bunch of tree rings from the 700s AD and she measured their radio carbon content and found something shocking there was a single year huge influx of radiation about 774 AD I'm like anything that had previously been measured in these tree rings and that was called the first mehaka event after that she took

14:37very precise measurements of a number of other such events which were maybe a little bit smaller and other scientists including our team have discovered other ones down the track and so there's maybe half a dozen rock solids discoveries of mehaka events and maybe a half a dozen more where different groups of people dispute like oh I think there was a big radiation event in this year so the critical thing is we don't know what they are and these events happened all over the world they weren't just in Japan or Australia they absolutely they're everywhere so we know this was a global event absolutely and so we don't know what they are the fact that it was global probably tells you something it was astronomical right and the biggest sort of candidate for something that influences the radiation environment of the earth is still the sun so a few of us have looked at is there any evidence for supernovae doing this and the answers they can know we've measured across a whole bunch of supernovae years no radiocarbon influence from from the sort of known supernovae it really is probably something much more local but what exactly the sun must be doing to cause these really upward about is it possible that something other than sun is causing these I think

15:41most people don't think so but certainly there are possibilities I think and these are fairly common it depends what you mean by common for astronomers very common you know they happen once every thousand years for you and me when we take off our hatches astronomers yeah probably not that common once every thousand years is something I'm losing sleep over the same years though once every thousand years they seem to happen at random we haven't yet found any way of predicting the relationship is not a periodic once every thousand years is a random once a thousand years and so it means what's the chance it occurs to say in the next decade that could be one chance you're talking to an astronomer here is waiting with baton breath for eddikareena geeks blood and a bedel goes to do it's these so I would love that that's sort of that's sort of where I'm coming from so these are very exciting I think if one of these things happened I think we'd answer a whole lot of questions but we'd also be pretty concerned I think there'd be there'd be a lot of reasons to be worried one of the reasons I'm doing this research is because there is a remote but not tiny possibility that one of these will happen in our lifetime lots of 1% probability things happen all the time insurance

16:41is what we do to deal with those eventually problems come up now the trouble is if this is some kind of global event that brings in a lot of radiation we don't really know what it is how do you ensure against something you don't understand but where there are certain possibilities and let's talk about those but there are certain possibilities where it could be catastrophic for certain possibilities where it could be more than nine and a lot in between we need to understand these things so that we can sort of find ways of protecting ourselves against them we've experienced the Carrington event 1859 that caused problems but we managed to survive that because we were only learning technology back then it was telegraph operators and people like that who went up getting electrocuted oh yeah so for your listeners yes so the Carrington event was the first recorded solar flare and it was also the biggest ever recorded solar flare that seems like a bit of a coincidence but the trick was we went very good at finding solar flares back then and so only unusual large ones would have been found and so what it did was there was a huge coronal mass ejection when mass from the corona of the sun that is sort of surroundings gets ejected that is thrown out in the solar system as a huge blob of plasma and that struck the earth in the actual plasma

17:46directly isn't what caused problems on the earth it's that the plasma ship the earth's magnetic field and got deflected sounds good but it bent the magnetic field you know what happens when you move a magnetic field through a loop of conducting wire you generate a current and so what this did was it created a lot of currents in say telegraph systems on earth and even in the 1850s but that was just getting going that caused a huge loss of information power all these such things in this nascent communications and power grid that the earth had now this could be catastrophic if the Carrington event happened today yeah in 1989 Northeastern United States was set to Quebec especially oh yeah which isn't the United States but close enough they had huge blackouts absolutely and just in the last year we actually had blackouts and parts of Victoria as a result of a small solar fleeting yet and so like you know power companies satellite companies pay attention to either little ones if they if they sort of strike us in the wrong way and so Carrington event if that hit the earth today what you'd be looking at is unless we took appropriate steps to mitigate it really quickly you'd be looking at a catastrophic loss of a lot of satellites and

18:50the communications that depends on you'd be looking at power going out in a whole lot of high latitude countries unless people had really good for warning and were able to disconnect lots and lots of stuff now this would be blowing out transformers in how high latitude countries go okay well maybe that wouldn't affect Australia directly too badly it depends in the details but the trouble is you know where's all the industry in the world were you thinking China Japan Europe North America that's all at high latitudes all the really high tech manufacturing so you be losing so much of the world supply chains all this business is you know I remember when the civil canal was blocked and all the terrible things happening with straight-of-home news today there'll be nothing in comparison because the supply chain losses you'd see here and so that's really and these what are the products get off right yeah these are just minor events that last a couple of days it'll take decades to replace those transformers that blow that okay it's really good it's really good if two three thousand transformers sitting there they have to be built oh yeah no we don't have stockpottles we don't have stockpiles you know you'd really need to bring those factories back online immediately and start to roll them out and reinstall them across power grids

19:54everywhere and yeah I mean if we took a proper action to have everything disconnected and to have repair kits and stockpiles like maybe it wouldn't be catastrophic but it's the sort of thing we really need to be investing money and time into sort of preparing for so that remember when COVID happened and we all got vaccines within the year in the same way it's really important that we have a lot of science and technology rolled out to forecast what the sun could do to us and start to take steps to mitigate it so that instead of taking out civilization for decade causes some heck up to some problems which we get over and we have no idea what's causing these things they're not just unusually high climaxes of solar max or anything like that we don't really know so the issue right is we don't see any radio carbon signal from the Carrington event at all if basically didn't affect anything that we can record in three links so one interpretation of these of these Miyake events is that these are super duper carrot in the event that is they're really enormous coronal mass ejections maybe a hundred times bigger than Carrington which is pretty scary so if you

20:54get something a hundred times bigger than Carrington I don't know what you do like that you're looking at satellite for toast power grid internet god knows that would be a global crisis and yeah there might be ways to avert it but the best way to avert it is to understand the physics of what's going on on the other hand it isn't it isn't it fast that there's there's very little radio carbon signature of the biggest ever solar event that's because most of the particles from those CMEs don't actually reach the earth and so they don't produce radiation in the upgraut moisture that would produce this radio carbon so on the other hand there's these other types of solar event called solar energetic particle events SEP events or solar proton event where the sun releases beams of high energy particles and they can totally do this and you and I don't notice that they're going on they certainly cause problems for satellite they don't do anything to the magnetic field really that would blow out power grids on the earth so and scientists would find that our instruments go completely crazy while it's happening but otherwise other than maybe damage to satellites which could be quite serious but on the ground you're not going to see all the transformers collapsing into civilization it probably wouldn't be great for us to have such an

21:57enormous solar energy particle event but we could probably cope with it others on the satellite system you wouldn't want to be in the south of the land again normally at the time that surely Helmer absolutely not and you also wouldn't want to be in high altitude aircraft of I've seen papers saying that a sufficiently large solar energetic particle event occurring while there were aircraft over the poles which is all the time could actually have really serious health effects astronauts they're not going to get better necessarily there's one public just the other day pointing that yeah and so I mean in terms of commercial flights you do have a bunch of atmosphere protecting you but it's not as much as you'd like and so it could cause pretty serious illness even death if it's a really really really big event but astronauts they don't have much protection at all if you were in orbit or interplanetary space good luck mate that's probably the interview even these solar energetic particle events could be quite serious but the sorts of things we worry about are probably more specialized and more detailed than with these enormous coronal mass ejections but some of these theories have been other things discussed the idea that might actually be the opposite is where the sun's magnetic field reduces a lot people

22:59sort of debating is it possible that a shut off of that force field protecting us from cosmic rage could produce something like the arc event and the answer is a solid maybe I think people don't really think so but but some people have certainly argued that that's Dr Benjamin Pope from Aquarium University and this is space time still to come two giant blobs of heart rock discovered on Earth's core metal boundary later in the science report a new study suggests El Nino is intensifying as the planet warms all that and more still to come on space time scientists have discovered two immense ultra hot rock structures located at the base of the Earth's mantle some 2009 kilometers beneath Africa in the Pacific which are affecting the underlying liquid out core the findings reported in the journal nature geoscience show that these enormous

24:05blobs of solid super-heated material encircled by a pole-to-pole ring of cooler rock have been shaping its magnetic field for millions of years while we've traveled 25 billion kilometers in a space the deepest we've ever gone below our feet it's just over 12 kilometers consequently little is known about conditions at the core mantle boundary where the base of the mantle meets the top of the outer liquid core it's the most significant interface in the Earth's interior and the region where new research is now uncovered exciting magnetic activity both measuring ancient magnetic fields and simulating the processes that generate them are technically demanding to investigate these deep earth features scientists need to combine paleo-magnetic observations with advanced computer simulations of the geodynamo that's the flow of liquid iron in the outer core which generates Earth's magnetic field numerical models enable the authors to reconstruct observations of the behavior of the magnetic field seen over the past 265 million years

25:09the results reveal that the outer cores upper boundary is far from uniform in temperature instead it displays strong thermal contrasts with localized hot regions cat by these continent-sized rock structures it also showed that some parts in magnetic field appeared or remained relatively stable for hundreds of millions of years while others have changed significantly through time one of the studies authors Andy Bigin from the University of Liverpool says the finding suggests there are strong temperature contrasts in the rocky mantle just above the core and that beneath the hotter regions the liquid iron in the core may stagnate rather than participate in the flow seem beneath the cooler regions these findings have important implications through the questions surrounding ancient continental configurations such as the formation and break-up of Pangaea and it may help resolve long-standing uncertainties in ancient climate paleobiology and the formation of natural resources these areas have always assumed that Earth's magnetic field when averaged over long periods behaves as a perfect bar magnet aligned with the planet's rotational axis

26:14however these new findings suggest that may not necessarily be the case this is space time and time out of tech another brief look at some of the other stories making using science this week for the science report a thousand year record of sea surface temperatures reconstructed from Galapagos corals suggest El Nino is intensifying as the planet warms with the El Nino Southern oscillation Enza variability in the eastern Pacific roughly 35% higher now compared to pre-industrial times the findings reported in the journal science use high-resolution measurements of modern and fossilized Galapagos corals to reconstruct sea surface temperatures in the region over the past millennia and then compared those with climate simulations the finite if the changes in Enza were

27:15impacted by global warming they found that variability in Enza was seen an unusually strong shift in the past 40 years with modern variability nearly 37% higher than the pre-industrial record scientists have discovered that some centenarians may host rare cats are killing cells the findings published in the journal cell reports claims this rare type of immune cell starts expanding and cloning itself in people who live past a hundred which they say could be hobbing preserve their longevity by killing cancers before they grow the cells are CD4 cytotoxic telemphasites which are already known to kill some cancers and they appear to be more common in humans above the age of a hundred to better understand them the authors analyze the blood of 28 people aged either 70 to 99 100 to 109 or over 110 in these groups you also say the proportion of CD4 cytotoxic telemphasites had a median percentage of 4 9.6 and 17.6 respectively suggesting a real

28:19expansion past the age of a hundred a new study has flipped the historic narrative about Australia's thylacene that has many in tiger fighting the native apex predator was significantly different from the wolves and wild dogs it was likened to before being hunted to extinction a report in the journal nature communications claims scientists from flinders university examining phylasene skulls found their jaws were probably unsuitive for holding down large animals like sheep instead their long deep jaws with powerful snapping bites would have been more suited to subdue relatively small prey meanwhile a report in the journal bio meds central ecology and evolution claims that many tigers hunted more like foxes the authors from the universe of the sunshine coast based their findings and a comparison of thylacenes with 48 living and extinct predatory mammal species from the mystic dogs through the African wild cats a new study has found that the use of artificial intelligence large language models are making

29:21writing styles more similar in the process losing the individual identity and personality behind the work the findings reported in the journal nature human behavior based on analysis of more than 880,000 texts across different writing times the authors suggest this could make it more difficult to identify important clues about aspects of a person's identity personality and even mental health from their language they analyzed Reddit stories news articles academic papers essays social media posts and political speeches over time to see how the rise of widespread chatbot usage has changed writing style and they found evidence of both an intermediate shock where the introduction of chat GPT coincided with the sharp drop in variability and a sustained effect in which higher usage of continued to reduce the complexity of language over time Apple's new iPhone 18 Pro 18 Pro Max and Fold Ultra have just been released and fans are growing

30:22wild needless to say the long away the new passport size fold ultra heads the lineup but the conventional flagship 18 Pro Max won't be left out it features larger battery smaller dynamic island a 2 nanometer a20 chip set variable aperture main camera and a triple 48 megapixel rear camera system of course price will be a big factor this year with a 12 gigabyte ram and two terabyte model costing just over four grand with the details were joined by technology editor Alex Sahara Roy from Tech Advice start life we've got the iPhone 18 Pro the pro Max but of course the big one that everyone's talking about is the iPhone fold now this promises to have the most crease free display ever because they're talking about a piece of ultra-thin glass on top the OLED in between and then a second piece of glass on the bottom with a liquid metal hinge Samsung has only got one piece of glass on top and then it's got titanium on the bottom now you can still see the crease on Samsung's fold eight but you can barely feel it and I've got a Google

31:24pixel fold 11 Pro and you can feel the crease you can it sort of feels a bit deep but on the Samsung it's it's virtually not there but the expectation is that apples is going to either not be there at all or it's going to be the flattest crease of all time which is incredible and I can't wait to see it and you are right they've gone with a passport size rather than the full size we officially don't know but I mean the rooms are so strong people have got millions of videos of a dummy unit like if apple doesn't come out with the fold new phone it's going to be a big massive I just want people the share price will create a look it's also going to be the first apple keynote with its new CEO in 15 years John Turnis an engineer who has been with the company for 25 years worked on iPhones iPads AirPods you know Vision Pro everything and this is effectively the start of a brand new era with what should be Apple's most successful popular and AI enabled iPhones yet and Tim Cook is now the chairman of course and he's still got his handle the tiller he's still the mentor that's there doing all the international relations and the things that a chairman of the board does the john turnis is now firmly in command we will see what sort of performance he gives of course

32:27Apple no longer does live keynote unlike what do we'll or Samsung do but look Apple is Apple I'm expecting great things and you know will we see hints of new touch screen max and other things I don't think so it's the iPhone event they're going to be all hands on deck for that there'll be more announcements later in the year for first touch screen max and of course we'll have an event next year by the end of the first quarter where we'll have the iPhone 18's the regular ones plus also the iPhone 18 e which will be the low cost one and the iPhone 18 ms probably although it might come this week it's we shall see that's Alex ahara Roy from tech advice dot life and this is space time and that's the show for now space time is available every Monday Wednesday and Friday through bites dot com soundcloud youtube your favorite podcast download provider and from space time with

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