Monologue: year-end review of Proto-Indo-European origins and humanity's deep evolution and diversity

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On this episode of Unsuperivsed Learning Razib reviews two big stories he has followed and written about on this Substack in 2025, Indo-European origins and how genomics has illuminated human evolution.

* Two Steppes forward, one step back: parsing our Indo-European past

* The cave where it happened: Denisova cavern’s congress of ancient peoples

* The wandering Fulani: children of the Green Sahara

* John Hawks and Chris Stringer: Neanderthals, Denisovans and humans, oh my!

* Re-writing the human family tree one skull at a time

* John Hawks: varieties of humankind all mixed-up

* Cesar Fortes-Lima: the Fulani out of the Green Sahara

* Lost Green Saharans: ancient DNA unearths a new race from a verdant North African interlude

* Homo with a side of sapiens: the brainy silent partner we co-opted 300,000 years ago

* Bonus monologue: man the hybrid monster

* Bonus monologue: ancient North Africans and the Green Sahara