NASA Artemis Overhaul, Vulcan Centaur Grounded, and the Milky Way's True Origin Story

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Hello and welcome to Astronomy Daily, your daily briefing from the Cosmos.

I'm Anna.

And I'm Avery.

It is Saturday, February 28, 2026, and we are back with season five, episode 51.

A slightly later start to our day than usual, Avery, but the universe has been very much

keeping normal business hours on our behalf.

It absolutely has six stories today.

And honestly, what a six.

We've got a major shakeup at NASA headquarters,

a serious headache for the Pentagon's launch calendar,

one of the most mind-bending objects ever discovered in the deep universe,

a rather unsettling experiment about Martian soil,

a genuine breakthrough in how we might breathe on the moon,

and a piece of galactic archaeology that is rewriting the history of our home galaxy.

If you are anywhere near a clear western horizon tonight,

we've also got a little cosmic bonus for you.

Six planets lined up in the evening sky.

More on that as we go.

But first, let's get into the news.

Our lead story today is a big one,

and it has been the talk of the space community since Friday afternoon.

NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman has announced a major restructuring of the Artemis program.

And when I say major, I mean this is the most significant overhaul

since the program was first established.

So let's break this down because there's quite a bit to unpack.

The headline is this,

Artemis III, which was supposed to be the first crude lunar landing

in more than 50 years,

is no longer going to the moon, at least not yet.

That's right.

Instead of landing on the lunar South Pole in 2028 as originally planned,

Artemis III has been redesigned as a low-earth orbit test flight,

targeting launch in 2027.

The crew will rendezvous and dock in orbit

with one or both of the commercial lunar landers,

SpaceX's Starship Human Landing System,

and Blue Origins Blue Moon,

and run a full suite of tests.

Face suits and microgravity,

life support checks, navigation, propulsion,

everything you would want to have verified

before you actually depend on those systems

to bring people back from the surface of the moon.

Isaacman drew a very deliberate comparison to the Apollo program.

He pointed out that NASA didn't go from Apollo 8,

which was the first crude flight around the moon,

straight to the landing.

Apollo 9 and 10 tested all the critical hardware

in Earth and lunar orbit first.

His argument is that Artemis, as currently structured,

was essentially skipping those steps.

And that concern was echoed just days earlier

by the NASA Independent Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel,

which released its annual report

calling the existing plans too risky

and recommending a restructure.

So this wasn't a shock in some quarters,

but the scale of the changes still caught a lot of people by surprise.

The Block 1B upgrade to the Space Launch System

has also been scrapped.

NASA is standardizing the vehicle configuration

to reduce complexity and accelerate the launch cadence,

because that is really the overarching goal here,

moving from a program that has launched the SLS

once every few years to one that aims for a flight every 10 months or so.

Which is genuinely ambitious.

The SLS has launched exactly once.

Isaacman himself has been quite candid about that,

noting that a flight rate that low is simply not sustainable

and not safe.

His view is that the more frequently you fly,

the sharper your team stay,

the less your skills atrophy,

and the safer each subsequent mission becomes.

The revised plan targets Artemis 4

and 5 for lunar landings in 2028,

with at least one surface landing per year thereafter.

One thing that was conspicuously absent from the announcement,

though, any mention of the Lunar Gateway Space Station,

which had been central to earlier Artemis planning.

Isaacman deflected questions about Gateway,

saying the focus needed to stay on what he called the hardest part.

Actually getting astronauts to and from the moon with a reliable cadence.

Make of that what you will.

And Artemis 2 itself.

That's the crude flight around the moon.

No landing.

That's been in preparation at Kennedy Space Center.

It's currently targeting no earlier than April 1st.

After rolling back to the vehicle assembly building on February 25th,

to address a helium pressurization issue in the upper stage.

Engineers are working through it.

The goal is a successful wet dress rehearsal

before a launch date is confirmed.

So a lot of moving parts, but the direction of travel seems clear.

Apollo style step by step build up.

Faster cadence, leaner vehicle configuration.

We will be keeping a very close eye on how this unfolds over the coming months.

Now staying in launch industry news,

and this one is going to cause some significant headaches

for the United States military space launch program this year.

The US Space Force has placed an indefinite hold

on all national security launches aboard ULA's Vulcan Centaur rocket.

This follows an anomaly observed during the US SF-87 mission,

which launched on February 12th.

That was Vulcan's fourth flight overall,

and it was carrying a pair of geosynchronous space situational awareness satellites.

Essentially, neighborhood watch satellites for the military,

keeping tabs on what's happening in geosynchronous orbit.

The mission itself was technically successful.

The payloads were delivered to their correct orbits,

but observers watching the launch footage noticed something very unwelcome,

an unusual plume of debris from one of the solid rocket boosters.

And specifically, it appeared that a booster nozzle may have separated during a scent.

Which will sound familiar to anyone following Vulcan closely,

because essentially the same thing happened on the rocket's second certification flight

back in October 2024.

ULA investigated, said the route cause was a manufacturing defect,

and said it had been corrected.

And now, it appears to have happened again.

Colonel Eric Zaribnicki, the Space Force's portfolio acquisition executive for assured access

to space, was very direct at the Air and Space Force's Association Warfare Symposium this week.

He said, and I'm paraphrasing here,

that until the anomaly is fully understood,

and corrective actions are developed and implemented,

there will be no more Vulcan National Security missions.

The scale of the problem is hard to overstate.

Vulcan is manifested for more than a dozen national security launches this year.

Nearly its entire 2026 manifest is military.

With an investigation that could run for months,

this could seriously disrupt the Pentagon's launch schedule.

And it comes at a particularly challenging time for ULA,

which recently saw the departure of longtime CEO Tori Bruno.

ULA and Northrip Grumman, who make the solid rocket boosters,

have confirmed they are standing up a joint investigation team.

No timeline has been given for resolution.

We'll be watching this one closely.

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Right, time to zoom out.

Way, way out.

11 billion light years out, in fact.

Because astronomers have just announced the discovery of what might be the most

extraordinary object in the early universe,

and it has a story attached to it that is quite wonderful.

So, this discovery involves something called a proto cluster,

which is essentially a galaxy cluster in the process of being assembled.

These are the primordial cities of the universe,

where gravity is busy pulling together what will eventually become

some of the most massive structures in existence.

And the object in question is called J0846.

Now, the reason they were able to see J0846 in such extraordinary detail

is because of a cosmic accident of alignment.

Sitting almost perfectly between us and J0846 is a closer galaxy cluster.

And the immense mass of that foreground galaxy cluster is acting as a gravitational lens,

bending and amplifying the light from the distant proto cluster behind it,

making it appear far brighter and larger than it otherwise would.

It's the universe providing us with a zoom lens that no human engineer could ever build.

And when astronomers pointed the very large array radio telescope in New Mexico

and the Alma telescope in the Chilean Otacama Desert at this magnified view,

what they found was stunning.

What had previously looked like a single smudge of light in older survey data

turned out to be at least 11 separate galaxies all crammed into a region of space

smaller than the distance between our own Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy next door.

11 galaxies in a space that tight and every single one of them is undergoing a starburst.

Pumping out new stars at a rate that would make our own galaxy look thoroughly lazy by comparison.

They are building stars at a ferocious, almost frenzy pace.

The reason we couldn't see them in ordinary optical telescopes is that they are absolutely shrouded

in dust. Dust that absorbs visible light completely.

Alma's ability to detect the faint thermal glow of cold dust and gas is what cuts through that

cosmic fog and reveals what's actually happening in there.

Lead researcher Nicholas Fu, a graduate student at Arizona State University,

described the whole scenario beautifully. The foreground cluster is the mature modern city.

The protocluster behind it is the ancient settlement it grew from.

And by looking back more than 11 billion years, we are essentially catching a galaxy cluster

in the very first chapter of its life.

It's also the first strongly lensed protocluster core ever discovered,

which makes it scientifically invaluable.

Gravitational lensing is giving us a level of detail.

We simply could not access any other way.

Bature, it turns out, is a pretty outstanding telescope builder.

Now, if you've been thinking about how future Mars explorers will feed themselves,

grow plants, or avoid contaminating the red planet,

this next story is directly relevant.

And it involves one of our favorite microscopic creatures.

The tardigrade, otherwise known as the water bear.

And if you've heard of them before, you'll know they are essentially the toughest animals on earth,

surviving freezing, radiation, the vacuum of space, extreme dehydration.

They are extraordinary.

A research team led by microbiologist Corian Bakerman's at Penn State,

Altona, has been using tardigrades as biological proxies,

essentially asking the question,

what the simulated Martian soil actually do to earth microbes?

Because this matters enormously, both for planetary protection,

making sure we don't contaminate Mars with earth life,

and for understanding whether astronauts could safely use Martian soil for growing food.

And the results published in the International Journal of Astrobiology were surprising.

When tardigrades were placed into simulated Martian regolith,

and they used a simulant designed to closely match what NASA's curiosity rover

has sampled in gale crater, their activity dropped significantly.

These creatures, which can survive almost anything,

were being suppressed by the Martian soil itself.

Which is a remarkable finding on its own,

but then they tried something clever.

They rents the regolith with water before introducing the tardigrades,

and that almost entirely removed the harmful effect.

The tardigrades were back to nearly normal activity levels.

So whatever is doing the damage in Martian soil is water soluble,

the team suspects salts, or some other water soluble compound,

possibly related to perchlorates that have been detected in Martian regolith

by previous missions, they're still investigating this specific culprit.

Now, there are two very interesting things to take from this.

First, Martian soil might naturally act as a kind of chemical defense against earth microbes,

which could be genuinely helpful from a planetary protection standpoint.

Microbes, hitching a ride on spacecraft or equipment,

might struggle to establish themselves in an environment that is actively hostile to them.

Second, and this is the hopeful angle.

If the harmful compounds can simply be washed away with water,

that opens a potential pathway for treating the soil

to make it usable for plant growth in future Mars habitats.

Water is incredibly scarce on Mars, of course.

So it's not a simple solution, but it is a lead worth pursuing.

Professor Bakerman summed it up well.

When we send people to non-Earth environments,

we need to understand two things.

How the environment will impact the people,

and how the people will impact the environment.

This research is pushing both of those questions forward.

And now a story that connects beautifully with our lead story today.

Because NASA this week also confirmed a significant milestone in one of the technologies

that will be absolutely essential if the revamped Artemis program is ever going to achieve

that dream of a permanent human presence on the Moon.

We're talking about in situ resource utilization.

ISRU, which is the umbrella term for the idea of using what's already available at your

destination, rather than shipping everything from Earth.

And specifically, we're talking about oxygen.

Because here's a fact that should stop you in your tracks.

Lunar Regolith, the loose rock and dust covering the Moon's surface,

is approximately 45% oxygen by mass.

The vast majority of it locked up in silicate minerals,

deposited over billions of years as the Moon passes through Earth's magnetic tail,

capturing oxygen ions from our upper atmosphere.

45% oxygen just sitting there waiting to be unlocked.

NASA's Carbo Thermal Reduction Demonstration Project,

CARD, has been working on doing exactly that aboard the International Space Station.

The technique uses concentrated solar energy to heat the regolith to extreme temperatures,

triggering a chemical reaction that releases that bound oxygen as carbon monoxide gas.

That CO can then be converted downstream into breathable oxygen.

And this week, the CARD team confirmed that their integrated prototype,

combining a Carbo Thermal Oxygen Production Reactor from Sierra Space,

a solar concentrator from NASA's Glenn Research Center,

precision mirrors from composite mirror applications,

and avionics and gas analysis systems from Kennedy Space Center

have successfully passed a full integrated test.

Confirming production of carbon monoxide through a solar-driven chemical reaction

on simulated lunar regolith.

That is a meaningful step.

Not a demo, not a simulation.

An actual integrated system test confirming the chemistry works.

The next steps are miniaturization, durability testing,

and ultimately deploying something like this on the lunar surface.

And the applications go beyond just breathing air.

The same process could be adapted to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and methane,

giving future moon bases a way to produce rocket propellant in situ,

which dramatically changes the economics of the whole enterprise.

You no longer need to ship fuel from Earth for the journey home.

The technology also has direct applicability to Mars.

A solar-driven oxygen extraction system working on Martian regolith

would be a cornerstone of any long-term surface presence there too.

So it's worth connecting to thoughts.

This week, NASA announced it wants annual moon landings from 2028.

And this week, NASA confirmed a key piece of technology

that would make staying there actually viable.

These stories belong together.

We'll spot it, Avery.

Nicely joined up.

And for our final story today, we're heading home.

Or rather, we're heading back to the very beginning of home.

Because a new study has just rewritten what we thought we knew

about how our own galaxy formed.

This research centers on a type of star called an RR Lyra variable.

These are ancient pulsating stars.

They swell and shrink over the course of just a few hours,

brightening and dimming like a slow cosmic heartbeat.

What makes them extraordinary as scientific tools

is that they are almost eerily predictable.

Astronomers know precisely how intrinsically bright they are,

which means that by measuring how bright they appear in the sky,

you can calculate their distance with great precision.

They are in the truest sense cosmic lighthouses,

standard candles for measuring the universe,

and crucially, they are old.

Not millions of years old.

Billions.

More than 10 billion years.

These stars were forming when the Milky Way itself

was still taking shape in the chaotic early universe shortly after the Big Bang.

They are essentially living fossils.

A large international team of astronomers

assembled the biggest catalog of these ancient stellar fossils ever compiled.

Thousands of them.

Combining precise distance measurements with data

from the European Space Agency's Gaia satellite,

which has mapped the positions and movements of over a billion stars across the galaxy.

Together, this gave them a three-dimensional map

of the early Milky Way that they could essentially rewind like a film,

tracing these ancient stars back to where they came from

and how they were moving in the galaxy's formative years.

And what they found challenged the long-held assumption.

The conventional picture was that the Milky Way's different structural layers,

the outer halo, the thick disk, the thin disk,

formed at different times, sequentially, one building on the last,

the halo first, then the thick disk, then the thin disk.

But the new results suggest that all of these layers

formed at roughly the same early epoch,

not sequentially, simultaneously, or close to it.

The main difference between the layers isn't age, it's chemistry.

Stars in the halo contain less iron than those in the thick disk,

which in turn contain less than the thin disk.

Each successive layer was enriched by the deaths of previous stellar generations,

a kind of celestial inheritance passed down through supernovae.

The iron content tells the story of the order, not the ages themselves.

And perhaps the most striking finding involves our nearest galactic neighbor,

the Andromeda Galaxy.

When the team compared the chemical fingerprints of these ancient stars across the Milky Way,

with those in Andromeda, they found strikingly similar patterns,

despite the two galaxies being very different in size and structure,

which suggests this isn't just a local story.

It may be a universal mechanism by which large galaxies form.

The idea that galaxies as different as the Milky Way and Andromeda

went through the same fundamental process of formation,

written in the chemistry of their oldest stars,

that is a genuinely profound result.

The lactic archaeology at its finest.

And with 10 billion-year-old stars doing the storytelling,

you really can't argue with the witnesses.

Right, before we close out today,

a quick reminder for anyone listening this evening,

tonight is the peak of February's six planet parade.

If you step outside about 30 minutes after sunset and look west,

you should be able to spot Venus,

blindingly bright, you really can't miss it.

Along with Jupiter, high in the sky,

and Saturn, low on the western horizon.

Mercury is also out there,

if you have a flat, clear horizon and you're quick.

Uranus and Neptune round out the six,

though you'll need binoculars or a telescope for those.

It's a genuinely lovely evening spectacle.

They'll miss it.

And that is everything for episode 51.

What a day in space, a program reshaped, a rocket grounded,

a cosmic construction site 11 billion years in the past,

water bears on Mars, solar-powered oxygen on the moon,

and our galaxy's formation story turned upside down.

Not a bad Saturday.

Not a bad Saturday at all.

If you enjoyed today's episode,

please do share it with a fellow space enthusiast.

Leave us a review wherever you listen

and follow us on social media at AstroDailyPod

for updates throughout the day.

You can also find our show notes, blog posts,

and full episode archive over at astronomydaily.io.

Everything you need is right there.

From all of us here at AstronomyDaily,

clear skies, and we'll see you Monday.

See you then, everyone.

Astronomy day, the story's the toe.

Astronomy day, the story's the toe.

Astronomy day, the story's the toe.

Astronomy day, the story's the toe.

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