[Q&A+] The Next ISS, Europan Life, Heat Death of The Universe

What are the plans for the next space station? What type of your rope in life could your rope and clipper detect?

Could we spot the rotation of our supercluster and in Q&A plus is the moon necessary for life all this and more in this question show?

It's time for the question show your questions

My answers as always wherever you are cross my channel if a question pops in your brain

Just write it down look gather them up, and I'll answer them here. All right. Let's give the questions

We select you what are the plans for the next international space station will it be private only?

Yeah, so the international space station is due for deorbit before 2030 probably 2028

But you know maybe 2030 even if it doesn't get deorbitated the Russians are expecting to

Detach their chunk of the station away from the main international space station

So what ever happens by the end of the decade the ISS is going to come down

The plan is to launch the deep space gateway the lunar gateway as the replacement for the international space station

So astronauts will fly up to the moon essentially be in orbit near the moon and then be able to transfer from the lunar gateway

Down to the source of the moon and back the trumpet administration has been trying to cancel the gateway

Congress has continued its funding and so that is the plan so right now

Artemis 2 is going to be the fly by around the moon

Artemis 3 is going to be people landing on the moon the construction of the deep space gateway will probably start around

Artemis 4 so probably

Nearing the end of the decade 2830. We should see the first module of the deep space gateway become operational

But the United States will have no

working

Space station in lower-thorough it so the only one is going to be the Chinese space station that said

There are a bunch of private companies the one that seems furthest along is a company called vast

And they've got a really cool design. They've got this sort of modular design where where they can just kind of add more modules

And grow the the space station kind of indefinitely just sort of like this big disc that just gets bigger and bigger with more modules

So hopefully we'll see the vast station launch before the international space station comes down

But right now, you know, I always say that private space exploration is a very expensive business and there's not a lot of return on investment

And so any company that goes into this could lose everything it could go bankrupt and so really

launching a large space station requires the resources of a country or a collaboration and international collaboration of countries

When are 7777able? What type of proliferation of life would we need to be present on Europa for the Europa Clipper to make a positive confirmation discovery?

So Europa Clipper isn't designed

Specifically to detect the presence of life on Europa and

You know its job is to map the surface of Europa to search for

geysers on Europa and

Specifically to measure the depth of the ice under the surface of Europa

Try and find pockets of water deep down

When does the ice end if there is a subsurface ocean when does that ocean begin and

Europa Clipper has the tools to be able to do that to measure the magnetosphere understand its interactions with Jupiter

But there are a couple of ideas that would get you some kind of stronger proof that there is life

One is the presence of various chemicals on the surface of Europa and actually we saw some evidence of this from the Galileo spacecraft

That went to Jupiter and it was able to image the surface of Europa and gave us a lot of the sort of modern thinking showed us

The very complex surface of Europa. This seems very fresh

We don't see a lot of impact creators on Europa and

Recently astronomers detected the presence of various chemicals on the surface of Europa

That could go hand in hand with life organic molecules

They don't necessarily mean life. We see organic molecules everywhere

But that there is some kind of process that is making them fresh on the surface of Europa that these chemicals should

Be blasted away by the radiation of space and therefore

If you see them on the surface then it has to be relatively fresh

The even better thing would be if Europa has geysers in the same way that in celilus has geysers now

There's no evidence of this that we know of today. There's hints of geysers on Europa, but nobody has actually seen them

But if there are geysers on Europa, then we would probably see Europa Clipper doing the same thing that

Cassini did with

Incelitis which is that it would fly through the plumes and

Then astronomers would be looking for specific kinds of chemicals in the plumes of Europa

So you'd be looking for not only water

Coming from down below you'd be looking for dissolved hydrogen in the water

Which is essentially food for bacteria and then you'd be looking for the kinds of

Chemicals that are associated with life organic chemicals things like that

But Europa Clipper does not have anyway to really detect the presence of life beyond

You know

Helping them figure out these chemicals are there

But people have proposed missions that would do exactly what you're talking about

More to Encelitis though not to Europa

So people are proposing a spacecraft that would fly to Encelitis would fly through the plumes at Encelitis and

Would collect samples of the plumes and then would have a lab on board the spacecraft that would digest

The samples and search for any kind of evidence of life and you might not find like

You know life can come in all kinds in different ways and so this is a sort of an ongoing discussion among

Astrobiologists is what is a good

Agnostic way of detecting the presence of life. How do you know life when you see it especially?

How do you know life that isn't anything like earth life?

What if it doesn't use DNA and RNA all of our labs are designed to search for those kinds of things and so it appears to be

It's in the complexity of the chemicals that life tends to produce more complicated chemicals than non-life

And so if you

Flute the plumes at Encelitis with your spacecraft you then sort of examined all the chemicals that were found in this

If you seem to have a lot of complicated chemicals that is a good indication that life is producing this as opposed to

You know volcanoes or or geothermal vents under the surface on Encelitis so

We're still a long way and really to get to Encelitis to actually see if there's life on Europa

You want to go under the ice and that's going to require sinking down through the ice melting through

10 kilometers plus of ice down into the ocean underneath and then you swim around inside that and

Look for the European space whales

Do you go if the entire supercluster of galaxies that we are a participant of was rotating and we were rotating with it

Is there a way that we could tell there's a rotation? Yeah, absolutely

You know astronomers can tell the sort of independent movement of the Milky Way in the cosmos

The way you do that is you measure our movement compared to the cosmic microwave background radiation

We are moving at about 550 kilometers per second with respect to just the cosmic microwave background radiation

And you can also measure the rotation of the various things that we are a part of we are a part of the

Virgo supercluster we're part of a local group we're part of the Virgo supercluster

We're part of a land of case supercluster and these things are rotating, but it's really important to understand that

While these things might be rotating and they're going to take

Hundreds of millions billions of years to fully rotate

That the expansion of the universe is tearing them apart that really any structure that is bigger than the local group bigger than about say

5 million lighters apart

is just going to be

Pulled away by dark energy

Into more little groups. So you sort of imagine we are actually bound

gravitationally to indromeda and in the Triangulum galaxy and a bunch of dwarf galaxies around us and in the far far future

These galaxies will eventually merge together into one

giant elliptical galaxy although some people argue that and drama that is actually not going to join us in the local group

But anyway

You know some combination of galaxies will join into this larger

elliptical galaxy and then the galaxies that are about more than five million lighters

Away from us. They are just moving too quickly and they're going to be accelerated by dark energy and they will go away from us

So at a certain point it no longer makes sense to say things are part of an object like yes

We are gravitationally bound to nearby galaxies, but we are not gravitationally bound to

Galaxies that are tens of millions of lighters away from us. We are gravitationally influenced by them

right are the movement of the Milky Way is changed by the gravity of those other galaxies

But we are not bound to them and so eventually they will move farther and farther away

They will be hundreds of billions of lighters away

They will fall over the cosmic horizon and there will be no evidence that they ever existed to future astronomers

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Will stack we have to overcome the rocket equation to viably travel into solar space

Is there an antimatter equation that would show a specific impulse delta V for say a proposed visit to Proxima C?

stars are really far away and

We want to be able to travel to another star system in a human lifetime if possible in fact

We want to travel really quickly. I'm rewatching stargate right now

And you want to just walk through the gate and come out on the other side on this other planet

That would be ideal, but warp drives would be fine the hyperdrive in star wars also fine

But right now this incredible distance all we have are chemical rockets this sucks

Our current chemical propulsion systems can carry us to other stars the voyagers are on an escape

trajectory out of the solar system

It'll just take them about 50,000 years to reach the nearest our system say Proxima Centauri and

When engineers have looked at all of the options that we have available to us as

Ways of propulsion you look at Ion engines not fast enough you look at even fusion rockets

Fission rockets not fast enough that there's really only

two viable ways to be able to get to another star system one is

Is that you don't carry any propellant on-boarder spacecraft that you are hitting a solar sail with a powerful laser or a series of lasers that are

imparting

Energy momentum to the spacecraft that allow it across the distances

People have proposed that a laser sail could be accelerated within the solar system to say 10% speed of light

And then it would take 40 years to get to Proxima Centauri wouldn't be able to slow down so that's a whole other challenge

But it may be eventually you can imagine some far future where we've got a series of big lasers in this solar system

And then a series of big lasers and at Proxima Centauri and then

laser sails go down this shoot

Virtual shoot where the lasers speed them up and speed them up and speed them up and then they coast from the Sun

To Proxima Centauri and then the lasers on the other side

Shoot and shoot and shoot and slow these things down and put them into orbit around the planet at Proxima Centauri

That'd be cool. The other method is you carry propellant on board

But it is the most energy dense propellant that is really possible

Antimatter and so you take antimatter you take matter you combine them and you get pure

Gamma ray energy which you can then harness you can fire the photons out the back of the rocket you can

Use that to to heat up some kind of propellant and be able to fire that out the back of the rocket

antimatter is the way

But antimatter is incredibly expensive. So last time I looked it was like $65 trillion per gram for antimatter

And you would need a few kilograms to get to rapid velocities more

So we just don't have the antimatter production on earth to be able to handle it

Could it work? Yeah, absolutely

You know antimatter is the thing that if we put a huge amount of the world's

Energy production into making antimatter and then storing that antimatter and then putting that onto a spacecraft

We could accelerate a spacecraft to

Relativistic speeds and and then slow it back down again

And that's the key to be able to slow it back down again

And so if you haven't already read project hell marry that's kind of what they did in project hell marry

But the movie's coming out in March so you'd be able to watch sort of what what it would be like

For the world to be throwing a huge amount of its energy

Into something like antimatter production to be able to allow a mission to be able to fly turn of their source system

So I can't do the math, but is there a specific impulse? Delta V. Yes

You can calculate the power of an antimatter rocket

Nits styles I get confused with gravitational lensing if we were to reach the gravitational lensing point of the Sun

What would we see would we only see objects directly behind the Sun magnified?

Right, so this is the solar gravitational lens which is located about

550 astronomical units away from the Sun so you've got the Sun

The Sun's gravity is acting like a natural telescope lens

You know, we know that gravity distorts space time and so as photons are

Going around the Sun and they would be heading off into space

The gravity of the Sun bends them back and focuses them at that point

550 AU. So what would you see? Well, it would look very similar to

Traditional gravitational lenses where you have a foreground galaxy cluster

That is lensing some background galaxy and the galaxy has been turned into this kind of mushed arc

That is around the galaxy and sort of the most perfect ones are called an Einstein ring

where you actually get the central galaxy cluster that's providing their gravity

And then you get this ring that is around the galaxies there aren't a lot of them

But they're really cool and they're very useful when astronomers find them and so the light from this

This galaxy that would be pretty much invisible

Has been magnified by by thousands if not tens of thousands of times you get this

This bright ring around the foreground galaxy and that's kind of what you would see with the solar gravitational lens

Except the Sun is essentially a perfect looking sphere

And so while the galaxy clusters this weird blobby thing made up of a whole bunch of different galaxies all orbiting around each other

The Sun is this sort of sphere and so you would see an Einstein ring around the

The Sun of the thing that is being lensed

But will you only see objects that are directly behind the Sun? Yes, you have to think have lined up your

Telescope perfectly with the thing that you're trying to observe so it can't be off

By any amount and so that's why the solar gravitational lens mission when it finally does launch and oh it did better launch

It will only be able to have one target that it will fly

Pass the Sun

Or fly on the sort of you know on the opposite side of the Sun at the solar gravitational lens

And it has to stay in this tiny little cone

As it moves farther and farther away from the Sun and as long as it stays in that little cone

Then it will be able to use the Sun as a telescope to see one target one exoplanet for example

Is all that the solar gravitational lens will see and there's like an infinite number of things that you could use the Sun to lens

You just have to put an infinite number of spacecraft at different locations

And they're all looking using the solar gravitational lens to observe them

Hey man tin man

Even at the heat death of the universe with systems like Jupiter and its moon ios still exist and their gravity interaction still generate heat

So eventually

Like when you think about the heat is being generated on iO. It's a gravitational interaction between Jupiter and iO and the other

European moons and so over time like vast periods of time

All of the orbital differences between all of the moons around Jupiter will eventually even out

That they will end up in a way that they're no longer causing these resonances with each other

That will no longer cause these perturbations that is leading to the tidal flexing that's happening with iO

Even that will settle down over vast periods of time and then in addition

The gravitational interactions will peel away the moons from Jupiter one at a time

You know interactions with Saturn interaction there orbits will get farther their interactions will get more complicated

Moons will be peeled away and eventually even Jupiter will no longer have moons and the Sun will have no planets

Like i think it's like a five trillion years

All of the planets will be stripped away from the white dwarf that was once the Sun

Just through interactions with the Milky Way and that over hundreds of trillions of years all of the stars in the galaxy will be stripped away

So just nothing can hold

Over long periods of time

Shoshil wow why are we still certain that we need a moon around a planet to create life can't there be aliens

That are so alien-like that they were born on their planet's far away in some other mysterious way

I don't think anyone says that we absolutely need a moon to be able to have life on a planet

You know there are

Proposed many ways that having a large moon around the earth has helped out the evolution of life on our planet

I'll give you a couple examples one is that it creates stability for the axial tilt of the earth

And so Mars it looks like has rolled over in the past there's evidence

That the whole planet has rolled around and we look at Venus Venus has no moon and it is

177 degrees it is upside down rotating backwards compared to all of the other planets

Earth has this large moon that acts like a stability and keeps our axial tilt within a very tight range

Which is good, but not in like that's not a death blow to life, right?

It just means life has a harder time

The other thing is is that having a large moon

Creates tides and the tides create this intertidal zone where the water goes in

And the water goes out and when the water is in then you've got life forms that we're sitting in that

Tidal area that have to evolve to be able to handle

varying amounts of being out in the air right outside of the water

And it's a sort of a really smooth

Way for them to be able to evolve from living in the water to living on land

Without a moon then you wouldn't have tides

But it's still that doesn't feel like it is a

Total showstopper that life would find a way

So it appears that a large moon makes a planet more habitable

But not having a large moon

Doesn't make a planet uninhabitable just moons are better big moons are better

All right, those are the questions that we had in this episode

Thank you everyone who put your questions into the YouTube comments

Everybody who joined me for the two-hour live stream that I do every Monday

Said some time zone around the world and it's complicated. There'll be the next event here on the channel

All right, I'm gonna bring you up to speed with some new media

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So last time I brought you up to date on some of the media that I have been consuming

I was reading the book Children of Time by Adrian Chakowski

I finished that and it's excellent right to the very end

I really enjoyed that book and I can't even explain why I liked it because then it will spoil it

But trust me, it's a great series

Or I think because I'm now reading the second book of the series which is called Children of Ruin

I'll let you know that goes but I think it's already really good. So what a great series

Next up we've been watching the series Monarch Legacy of Monsters which is on Apple TV

And actually we had sort of just passed on it the first time it came around season one

And so we were able to just binge all of season one and season two just came out

And so we watched the first episode of season two and now we have to wait week by week

To watch these episodes come out. I liked it. I like season one anyway

Now my wife keeps complaining there's too much talking and not out of monsters

And I can see that that we need more monsters rampaging around and less people being moody about thinking about monsters

But still it's a pretty good show. I like it

And to be honest, I'm kind of into this new

Godzilla cinematic universe, you know this sort of reboot of the of the monster verse

The first movie came out in 2014 and I really liked it

The sequel came out Godzilla king of the monsters and it was fine

Uh, I didn't make a lot of money at the box office, but I enjoyed it

More than I thought I was going to I had some problems with the science like how do you have a whole other world inside the world

Like how does that work? But anyway, uh, yeah, but the series is good. So if you're looking for something you can watch

That's another series

We're pretty deep into Starfleet Academy at this point and

I don't love it

I don't even kind of like it which is too bad because

The premise was great

Like imagine, you know, you've had the burn all of the different planets of the federation have been torn apart

And now they're having to kind of come together and learn to

Uh, follow this sort of general spirit of the federation and yet these people have been living in who knows what kinds of civilizations and

There's all this chance for drama and and sort of these feral

Uh, cadets who grew up in these different worlds having to learn to try and work together with people who are ideologically different from them

And to reestablish the ideals of the federation

But that's not what we get like we got what does feel like sort of Star Trek

CW and

That is disappointing to me and it just it just feels like the show just doesn't have teeth and

You know, like I think a lot of people have concerns about those this is sort of like its wokeness and like I have

Like I wish it was more woke or less woke or whatever like I just wish it confronted me and challenged me and got weird and

and you know because Star Trek always

Like holds a lens up to society at the time

And because a lot of the conversations that we need to have are too uncomfortable and we've gone into our own styles

We're not having these conversations science fiction is a way that we can be presented with these ideas

Except that people have you know, funny makeup and so you don't

Sort of see it. It's it's sort of like more palatable for you to then consider these ideas

And I think Star Trek could be taking on and a lot of the most challenging

Issues that are confronting humanity right now and dealing with in a way that shows paths forward the federation way and

That's how deep space now I'm worked and that's how you know a little bit the original show worked

And so it would be great if Star Trek Academy did that but they're not doing that

I mean, I'm obviously I'm contractually obligated to watch everything Star Trek ever made

We all are but still I wish I liked it more

Finally a new path of exile league starts on Friday and so I couldn't be more excited

It looks just like it's gonna be a banger and so if I just fall off the face of the earth

That is why all right. We'll see you next time