ShortHand: Akhenaten - The Heretical Forgotten Pharaoh

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2:24and tiny, fun for me. I had fun writing it. Old and tiny episode of Shorthand. Everyone ready? Ancient Egypt, a remarkable civilization which emerged around 3,150 BC. That is bonkers on the shores of the River Nile in Northeastern Africa. Did you know that ancient Egypt went on for so long that archaeologist was a career in ancient Egypt? I've got it in this story. Have you? You don't need TikTok, you can do it yourself. True. The ancient Egyptians gave us pyramids, mummies and sparked an enduring fascination in history for modern children all over the world. We all read in awe about how they pulled the brains of their dead out through their nose and buried all the deceased organs in jars in their giant golden tombs. And if you're anything like me, you also wrote, clustered, directed and starred in your

3:24own classroom play about Cleopatra. I wore my water-themed leggings, especially for you. I wish I'd brought a silk scarf to wave so I could be the Nile to your Cleopatra. Just the vision. The vision of a year five, seruti. And it's true. Who can deny all of our obsessions? At some point at least I cannot believe that we all did not have a minor obsession with dinosaurs, the tutors and the ancient Egyptians. Tutankhamun and Cleopatra are probably top of the list. I always think it's quite amusing that Tutankhamun was actually an incredibly minor part of the story. We just happened to have stumbled across his grave so we all give a shit. I'd be raging if I was a major pharaoh that they hadn't found. Definitely, definitely, because arguably Cleopatra and Tutankhamun are the most famous pharaohs. Cleopatra? Yeah. He did a lot last pharaoh. Totally. Fair, fair play. Tutankhamun didn't really do very much at all. He was very busy being a quite fit, clean, in-bred, boyking.

4:25But the same cannot be said for his father, the main character of our story today. Arcanartan may not be very well remembered like his son is, but to be honest, a lot more people probably know his name now, 3,500 years later, and definitely will do by the end of this episode you'll even be able to say it, I promise. And more people know his name than did just 50 years after his own death, when Ramsey's the great took over. And that's because after Arcanartan's death, every proceeding pharaoh, including his own son Tutankhamun, did their best to wipe his name from history. Arcanartan, the heretic king, was maybe the most controversial pharaoh as far as the ancient Egyptians were concerned. And it wasn't even because he married his own daughters. That was at least a-wanna know more? Of course you do, this is the shorthand. Let's start somewhere near the beginning, with his father, Amanhotep III, or Amanhotep

5:31the magnificent. The ninth pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, if you had to choose Sarutie V, what would be your- Signifiers, that the right word, honorific? Oh yes, the- something with an S, just for the flow. Sarutie V. The word sneaky keeps coming to mind, but- You're not actually that sneaky though. Sarutie V. Sensational. Sensational. There we go. What about Hannah? Hannah V. Grypplingly anxious. Honorable, but then it's not about the H, it's not about the H-hard H. H is difficult. We'll come back to him. I'm going to have a think. No good words, we're going to be with H. Under Amanhotep the magnificent rule, from 1388 to 1351 BC things were going great. He was a savvy diplomat, and he built stronger alliances with neighboring kingdoms, making it a peaceful and prosperous period for Egypt.

6:34It is also seen as the pinnacle of ancient Egyptian civilization, both in terms of political power and cultural achievement. Amanhotep III was even the first fairy to issue royal news bulletins about his marriages, hunting trips and building projects, with the information being inscribed on large stone scarab seals and sent out across the empire. So he had a mailing list. Interesting. And Amanhotep III also had a lot of children because he had lots of wives, but most crucially, a son called Thatmos. Thatmos was the result of Amanhotep III's main squeeze, his great royal wife, Queen Ty. But son Thatmos died, and the position of heir to the throne fell to the second son. Quite controversial when that happened. And after Amanhotep III died, likely in his early 50s after 38 years of rule, which is

7:35good atings, this second son took the throne in 1353 BC with the royal name Amanhotep IV. The name changed to Akhenaten. Comes later, so bear with us for now. Upon his ascension to the throne, Amanhotep IV took Nefertiti. I know her. And the other one that everyone knows. He took Nefertiti as his principal or great royal wife. Nefertiti, as Hannah has just shown us all, has displayed, is another very famous ancient Egyptian name that we all recognize today, much more than her husband. Largely thanks to a bust that was discovered in 1912. Yes. It shows Nefertiti as a beautiful woman with almond shaped eyes, high cheekbones and a long, elegant neck. In fact, Nefertiti is actually now a type of neck bowtops you can get, so that's quite the legacy for her. How do you feel about Morpheus VIII, by the way? Err, what? It's micro-needling with lasers. We can talk about it later.

8:35Let's talk on under the two. Okay. And another fun fact I have for you about Nefertiti is that the famous bust of Nefertiti was a particular favorite of Adolf Hitler's. And for four years, he had it kept inside a fortified anti-aircraft gun tower next to Berlin Zoo. I think it's still in Berlin, that part. Yes, it is still in Berlin. With the big blue gate. Yep. So as we said, Nefertiti was Ammonhotep the fourth's main wife. But over the years, he'd marry at least five more wives, including two of his own daughters, more on that later. But Nefertiti was absolutely the one that Ammonhotep the fourth was the closest to. She gave him six daughters, and she was a very, very influential queen. And during Ammonhotep the fourth's reign, Nefertiti was the second most important person in all of Egypt. When Ammonhotep the fourth took the throne, he inherited a thriving empire, and everyone was basically like, just keep doing what your dad did for nearly 40 years, and everything

9:36is going to be completely fine. Did he listen? Did he fuck? They never do. Ammonhotep had big plans, plans that would earn him the nickname, the Heretic King, Hannah the Heretic, obviously. Oh. Hannah the Heathen. Heretic's better. Here's the name. He earned that name as he set about turning centuries of religious belief upside down. And to put into context the massive upheavals that this Pharaoh's going to embark on, we need to understand a little bit about ancient Egyptian history. Like for a start, ancient Egypt as a civilization spans such a long period of time that during the time of the Pharaoh's study of ancient Egypt already existed as a concept of thing a school of thought. By the 14th century, when Ammonhotep the fourth came to power, Egypt was already over a millennial old. And there had been several major periods, the pre-dynastic, the early dynastic, the old

10:40kingdom, the middle kingdom, and the second intermediate period. And his rule marks the beginning of the new kingdom. Throughout all of those eras and rulers, Egypt had changed and grown. But, crucially, the religion followed by the ancient Egyptians had remained remarkably stable. They were shipped nearly 2,000 gods in an elaborate pantheon of spiritual deities. And yes, of course, depending on the economy, the politics, all the preferences of the king at various points, the main god that was in fashion, would change. But there were also cults that followed basically every deity. These cults are important to know are not cults in the way we think about cults today. In the context of history, cult refers to the religious practices rituals and temples dedicated to a specific deity, god or saint. Each god would have a cult, led by priests, dedicated to that particular deity.

11:44And these cults, depending on their wealth and savviness, could elevate themselves and their god into the upper echelons of society. And at the time of Ammonhotep the fourths rise to power, the king god, the big dog, was Ammonra. Ammonra, all the hidden one, was at first just a local fertility god. But when his cult moved to the capital febes, he gained national notoriety. And also grew in power and prestige. During the middle kingdom, Ammon merged with the sun god, Ra, the Falcon-faced god, and became Ammonra, the king of the gods, representing the fusion of hidden power with visible solar energy. And by the start of the new kingdom, the cult of Ammon was by far the most powerful and wealthy with many believing that they had as much money as the royal family themselves. And the priests had, possibly more land than even the king.

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14:55Now available in Canada and the UKT, that's q-u-i-n-c-e.com slash Redhanded. Now whether it was this power that the cult of Ammanra possessed, or a genuine spiritual awakening that caused Ammanhotep the fourth to start his crackdowns, we'll never know. But change was coming. At first the Pharaoh allowed the worship of all gods, but then he started putting Arten front and centre. Now who or what Arten is is slightly confusing, but essentially at first Arten was just the disc of the sun that was like an aspect of the sun god Ra. I know it sounds a bit confusing, but if you basically... Help! If you basically look up a picture of Ra, right? It's the Falcon face god, and above his head there is always this red or orange sun disc.

15:55Yes, right. That is Arten. Oh, okay, okay. So it is literally not actually officially a deity in its own right. If it was, it's a very, very minor deity. Most people accept that at the time of Ammanhotep, the fourth rise to power, Arten was literally just like an aspect of another god. Kind of like, and I might be completely wrong in any Egyptologist, or probably seething, but like I kind of was thinking of it like the halo in Christian iconography. It's the sun disc. Right. That is Arten. What Arten is, who Arten is, however you want to put it. So basically there's one cult about Birdman, and then there's a Southern cult, but okay, but have you seen his hand? Exactly. So for a long time Arten had just been a part of another god, but Ammanhotep was about to make him a star. He elevated the cult of Arten and solidified Artenism, and by his fifth year in reign. Ammanhotep the fourth changed his name to Arcanata,

16:58which translates to the living spirit of Arten. And it was massive. Firstly, the most important thing to ancient Egyptian pharaohs was a legacy. They didn't build all those pyramids for nassink. They didn't build them at all. It was the aliens. Fight me. So imagine the idea of a sun changing his name and therefore ending the dynastic legacy of his own father. Especially when that father had been so widely loved and revered. And doing it for the sake of an obscure solar disc god that wasn't even really a thing on its own, just a hat of another one. Soon all the carvings of the royal family heavily featured Arten above them with his rays coming down and touching the family. And it was also now that the depiction of Arten itself changed. He was given human hands that held up the hieroglyphs for dominion and life. Yeah, so it would be like the picture of the Arten, the disc now has human hands and it's holding the hieroglyphs in his sands

18:00and it's holding literally holding the hieroglyph for dominion and for life and for power and all of these things. And he's always handing them down, sitting above the family, handing them down to Arcanata. So it's very, very symbolic of this shift in power. Right. And also the Capricorn logo. Exactly. OK. By Arcanata's ninth year in power, he declared Arten to be the supreme god and the only one worthy of worship. This was a direct assault on Armanra and the king god's powerful cult of followers who've got more money and more land than the royal family. As far as some historians today are concerned, this was the birth of monotheism. More on this later, what you need to know for now is Arcanata was not messing around. Soon under his orders, Armanra temples were being vandalized across the nation

19:01and the king of gods, along with the others in the old pantheon, were being chiseled out of monuments. People were angry, but it seemed like no one could stop him. The aristocracy knew that this was a clear threat to the stability of the empire, but with little choice, they went along with the reforms. The cult of Arman were stripped of their lands and wealth, and so couldn't fight back. Meanwhile, priests simply did their best to hide as many texts as they could to avoid the destruction of centuries of holy scripture. Now, what about the common folk? It's hard to say for sure. It seems that the older generations may have been just as against Arcanata's reforms as the priests and the aristocracy. But for the younger generation, it seems that Arcanata may have been a bit of a hero. Again, this is thousands and thousands of years old, very, very hard to note. But there is some idea that he was taking away power from the powerful, people who had held it for centuries, he was shaking things up

20:03and reestablishing a new order, so to some people that may have been exhilarating. In 1346, Arcanata even moved the capital of Egypt from Thebes, which is modern-day Luxor, to a vast stretch of uninhabited land, 250 miles north along the River Nile. Thebes had been the home, like the capital of Egypt for centuries. It's his ancestral home land, the place of the gods, everything where his father ruled. So again, to do this, can't stress enough how big of a change this is. It's for no other reason than to completely sever the power that anybody who was in Thebes at the time had, because that's where their palaces are, that's where their houses are, where their offices, fucking cut it off at the neck and move it to just like a bit of desert, where nobody lives, so he can start again. And he named his new city, Arcanata, which translates to his mamskirt.

21:07No, it translates to Horizon of the Arten, and is confusingly similar to his own name, Arcanata. Again, this was hugely destabilizing. Thebes had been the center of power for the Empire for centuries, and now this whole new city had been built. All of the temples there were also very different to the traditional style. They faced east towards sunrise. They didn't have any roofs. So the sun's rays could pour in on the worshippers. And a whole new style of architecture and art had been developed as well. The stones used in Arcanata were much smaller, allowing for this city to be built in just a few years, and without the help of the Onions. And their art markedly different too. All the people depicted a shone to have elongated facial features, wide hips and unnatural looking limbs. Some have speculated that the king was shone like this, because he had some rare condition like Malfen syndrome, which can result in elongated body parts and make you an incredibly good basketball player.

22:07But it's quite painful. However, everyone in these images from Arcanata and look like that, it's not just the king or even the royal family, so it does feel like more of a stylistic choice than some sort of medical record. So why did Arcanata move the capital? Why did he demote Ammanra and his cult? Why did he go so far with his religious overhaul? Again, it's hard to know for sure. Was he really a religious maniac? Or as Nicholas Reeves in his book Arcanata in Egypt's false profit puts it? Was Arcanata in, quote, dictated less by a theological insanity than by court intrigue and politics? I.e. was he just trying to seize total and absolute control away from powerful cults and religious groups within Egypt at the time? We'll never really know for sure. And as for all the talk of him being a revolutionary new leader, well, what we do know for certain is that Arcanata was an absolutely terrible king.

23:07He completely neglected diplomacy and politics, and he actually undid a lot of the work his dad had done and destroyed many alliances that had been hard work to build. For example, a key way to maintain relations with other rulers is to help them out when they ask. We know that the king of Biblos wrote to Arcanata know the 50 times asking for the Pharaoh's help, fighting a canonite leader. His peasants were also revolting, and he was in big trouble. But Arcanata didn't give a shit. He only responded once, basically telling his fellow king to fuck off. He also royally pissed off another ruler, whose daughter Arcanata didn't married. In exchange, he was supposed to send the king to solid gold statues, but he sent wooden ones that had been gold-plated instead. Big no-no in ancient world, bad faux pas. This is a paid advertisement from BetterHelp.

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28:26That's quintc.com slash Redhanded. But once again, Akinaten felt untouchable. It was far more concerned with his life in the palace, and all of his religious reformation. Which is what makes us think that he really did just care about Akin. If he was so bothered about simply consolidating power, surely he would care a bit more about the connections he had with other leaders. Who you might need if your own people decided to kick back at you. Having said that, by this point Akinaten was now openly referring to himself, and Nefertiti is living gods on earth. Which could explain why he didn't care so much for the squabbles of other earthly rulers. During this time, it's believed that Akinaten also married his two daughters. Now it's debated however, and the records are not clear, so I can't confirm it for sure. But it's certainly not impossible. Insectuous marriages were common amongst ancient Egyptian

29:26royal families to maintain bloodlines and inheritance. Brother system marriages were pretty common, with the president for it having been set by the gods as iris and isis themselves. But father and daughter was definitely less common. However, like we said at the start, people don't really care too much about this. Not after everything else he'd got up to over the course of his reign anyway. And finally, in 1336 BC Akinaten died, bringing to an end, the Amarna period, and 17 years of controversial rule. At first, because his son, Tutankarmon, was too young to take power, two other pharaohs, Semenkar and Nefertiti, temporarily took over the throne. The capital was swiftly moved back to thebes and Akinaten's original tomb in Akinaten, which his modern day Amarna was desecrated. His body was actually removed into this day we don't know where it is. It's believed that it was moved to the valley of the kings and a sarcophagus believed to belong to him was discovered in the 20th century.

30:29The facial features of whoever it was had been destroyed, and no personal items were found buried within the tomb, so it's hard to conclusively identify Akinaten. It was only ever confirmed that the body belonged to a man. Curiously though, the sarcophagus seems to have been made for a woman. Hand me down coffin. Yeah, I think we do know that they certainly didn't treat Akinaten's remains his city or his tomb with much respect. I think they were just like when he wanted desperately to remain in Akinaten, but they were like, fuck you, no, they dug him up and definitely moved him. So I could see that they just gave him this ridiculous, almost humiliating rebarial in the valley of the kings. I'm amazed they moved in there at all. So Akinaten's son would eventually become King Titankaman, and the boy Farah's advisors told him to move away from

31:30his father's reforms as quickly as possible, and to totally and publicly reject Artenism, restoring the old gods and reestablishing Amarna as the king of the gods. And fun fact, and this I do think is very interesting, Titankaman's real name, as in his birth name given to him by his father, was actually Tutankaman. For the god Arten, he changed his name to Tutankaman to show his commitment to the king God Amann. That is interesting. Future kings tore down Akinaten's buildings and removed his name from history. In fact, Akinaten's name doesn't even exist in the list of kings compiled after his death fucking savage. We only know of his existence because of the discovery of his capital city in modern day Amarna, which was found during Napoleon's expeditions in the 18th century when they also kicked up the Rosetta Stone. And in a show of how much contempt future rulers had for Akinaten,

32:32the stones from his destroyed city were found used as filler in Luxor, identifiable by their small size. And today, despite the fact that some of you may never have heard of him before, he is widely regarded as one of the most notable pharaohs because of his profound impact on world civilization. He does seem to have shaped the concept of monotheism, the worship of a single god, which back then would have been a completely unique concept. Now some historians argue that what Akinaten brought about was more henotheism, not monotheism, which is basically where you worship one god, but you acknowledge other lower deities. Because while he destroyed the temples of Amann and the faced images of this god, Akinaten didn't touch all of them, for example, he didn't touch a Cyrus. So I do understand people who say that this was just more of an attack on the powerful cult of Amann rather than a total move away

33:34from polytheism to monotheism. But it is also important to say, and I thought this was quite interesting, that Akinaten did try to scrub out the plural word for gods. Interesting. Again, we can't say for sure, but it was definitely a bold move. Another fascinating theory about Akinaten's rule is that after his death and the destruction of his capital, his followers, the followers of Akinaten, knew that they would possibly become victims of persecution. So they left under the leadership of a priest that some believe may have been Moses. Contra-fush. It is. I think this is so interesting, and I know my people will go. Which ones? Obviously, can't prove it, but some historians theorize that this group of Akinaten loyalists may have been the start of Judaism itself. Which was founded around the same period,

34:38with the ideology of just one god, and prohibition of idol worship. The great Akinaten was also discovered in the 1800s, and there are striking similarities between this hymn and Psalm 104 in the Hebrew Bible, verses 20 to 30, in particular. Which one is that? See, I started to write it down, and I was like, we don't have fucking time for this in 20 minutes, but it is really interesting. So the Akinaten hymn... Oh, I know this one. The Akinaten hymn was commissioned by Akinaten. And yes, there are a lot of religious scholars and historians that point out the similarities between this hymn and passages in the Hebrew Bible. Go do that in your own time, but it is very, very interesting. Stuff. Oh, it's good. Yeah. You bring darkness, it becomes night. Yes, I saw this, yeah. It's really interesting. So was Akinaten the father of monotheism, and inadvertently, perhaps Judaism?

35:39Was he a bold thinker and revolutionary? Or was he a crazy religious fanatic who was willing to up end centuries of religious belief and decades of stability and economic prosperity to bring a minor sundis god to power? Who knows? Maybe all of the above. And that's the shorthand. Very interesting. I thought you'd like that. I do, very much. And hopefully you guys liked it too, and we will see you next week for another short chat. Goodbye. Bye! Music Do you know the difference between a HELOC and an HEI? Spelling? Well, they are spelled differently, but no. While both are ways to access your home's

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