Six million refugees being forced back to Afghanistan

0:00This BBC podcast is supported by ads outside the UK. Don't play games with us. A vicious gang of hackers causing chaos for businesses, councils and hospitals. Why, if I don't finish this treatment and this cancer grows? But they didn't care. I'm dying, clapping. Making outrageous demands for money. There weren't millions. It was high tech and high stakes. The country's under attack. And it was highly secretive. Until someone exposed it all. Cyberhack season four, the Conti Files, all episodes available now, wherever you get your BBC podcasts. You're listening to the Global News Podcast from the BBC World Service.

1:06Hello, I'm Oliver Conway. We're recording this at 14 hours GMT on Tuesday, the 1st of September. We report from the Pakistan Afghan frontier on the biggest cross-border movement anywhere in the world. Israel says it's captured a senior member of Hamas in Gaza, as Palestinian medics, a two children and a woman were killed. And Russia hits Ukraine for a sixth day in a row, killing at least 12 people, including railway workers. Also in this podcast, not just I promise and swear that I will govern the Kingdom of Norway in accordance with its constitution and laws. Norway's new king is sworn in in Parliament. For decades, people fleeing war, poverty and repression in Afghanistan have crossed into Pakistan and Iran. Over the past three years, more than six million of them have been sent back. But following appeals from the UN, Pakistan has now temporarily exempted 16,000 Afghans from deportation.

2:07Rights groups say many are at risk if they return to Taliban-ruled Afghanistan. Our chief international correspondent, Leastu Set, has just visited the Torkam border crossing. They call this zero point. It's the main crossing between Pakistan, about 50 meters away, and Afghanistan. And there's a tide of Afghan families coming through these metal gates, a woman with a goat on a rope, a man with a huge suitcase on his head, and three little girls, each of them carrying a rooster or a chicken. Entire families, many generations who grown up on the other side, spending decades there, and coming back to a country many have never even been to before. The journey was very difficult. My husband had been deported 20 days earlier, and I'd had to borrow money from several people to make the journey.

3:12We spent money good years there, and left well. But this year the Pakistanis caused us a great deal of hardship. They would not allow my husband to work. There was work available, but he was afraid to go because the police might arrest him. Every Afghan family we speak with speaks about being mistreated by the Pakistanis. I can't confirm that right here. The Pakistan has been saying that it's given refuge to millions of Afghans for decades through all of its wars, and it's time for the Afghans to go home. We're looking into this makeshift office, Taliban flags everywhere. Then from here those who have documents can go on to the United Nations, and then they'll be given a refuge. The UN hopes for just a few days in a tinted village nearby.

4:14What's your name? How many in your family have been forced to come back to Afghanistan? I have seven brothers, my sister-in-law, their children, my children, all of us. And what about your future? Can you start over again here? Problem here is that there are no business or job opportunities in Afghanistan these days. However, I will do whatever work I can find. Over the past three years, more than six million Afghans have been forced to come home in circumstances like this, either from Pakistan or from Iran on the other border. But forcing people to go home is a violation of international principles. Charlie Goodlake is the spokesperson in Kabul for the United Nations refugee agency, the UNHCR. We haven't seen returns on this level anywhere in the world in recent history. This is almost a medium-sized country that is coming back to Afghanistan and having to reintegrate and to reabsorb.

5:16The Taliban authorities are facing crises of their own. Could they do this, respond to the needs of these people on their own? I do not believe that they can do this, and I don't think there's many countries in the world that could receive six million people on their own. But let me be also very clear. We're also here to raise challenges with them where we have disagreements, and those around very clear issues about girls going back to school about our national staff have been able to come back to you in offices. We're heading now to see someone who has deported twice. He's not just worried about being here, he's terrified. He used to police the streets for the government, ousted by the Taliban. We can't reveal his location, his identity. Tell me what your life is like now. I feel that my life is under threat, and I can't even go outside. I spent all my day at home. The Taliban authorities have offered an amnesty. You don't believe them?

6:20I do not believe in their amnesty at all. I have no trust in it because many of my friends were killed. Did you try to find a way out? I tried, but I do not know where I can go. I'm afraid to travel because something might happen to me. I live with these fears all the time. The biggest forced return in the world shows no sign of stopping, and a world preoccupied by so many other crises seems to take little notice. These two sets will among the many criticisms of the Taliban government are its severe restrictions on the lives of women and girls. Only Russia has formally recognized the Taliban's return to power in Kabul, but the group's foreign minister, Amir Khan Muthaki, has called on Western countries to develop closer diplomatic and economic ties with Afghanistan. He spoke to Leesduzet. After this, we can divide the world into two parts.

7:23When is Asia and the other Europe or when is East and the other is West? Our relations have developed a lot with original and Eastern countries. In terms of economy, politics, relations, investment, we have good achievements. And with European countries as well, there are developments. In some countries, our representative offices have opened and our diplomats have arrived. You're still isolated from the West. Is it a priority to try to fix that? We shouldn't call all Europe the world. We have good relations with the world countries, and there are developments with the European countries. One of the biggest issues blocking better relations with the West is how the Taliban government treats the rights of women and girls. Doesn't it concentrate your mind on the urgency of improving that?

8:24The conduct with women shouldn't be looked at from the Western culture and traditions glasses. Here, the Afghan values should be looked at. But there are other developments in Afghanistan to look at. The cultivation of drugs in Afghanistan is zero. There is security in Afghanistan. Groups that could harm other countries, they are destroyed. There's a lot that we can have collaboration with the world. You know that even Islamic officials from Saudi Arabia, from Qatar, from Indonesia, from so many Islamic countries the world over gave you the same message. It's not an issue of a Western idea educating women and girls and letting them work. Yes, these issues have been discussed by various countries and international organizations. And I express that we have a lot of female students in religious madrasas that they study until the end. In those madrasas, there are modern subjects too.

9:26And there are more than three million female students and their class six in schools who study. The UN says 2.4 million Afghan girls are now being deprived of a secondary education. If that continues, there won't be any Afghan women doctors, teachers, and many more. Is that the kind of country you want to represent? This really is a problem. And it will be considered. The Taliban foreign minister, Amir Khan Mutaqi, talking to Leastu said, despite a ten-month ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, violence is still the reality in the devastated Palestinian territory of Gaza. Today, Palestinian medics said two children and a woman were killed in Israeli air strikes during a security operation, while Israel's defense minister says a senior member of Hamas has been captured. We got the latest from Yolanda Nell in Jerusalem. Well, there's a medical source that guards the city's Shifah Hospital, who's identified the woman who was killed in the last few hours as the wife of the head of Hamas Colonel Moin Al-Arabid.

10:31So there is an assumption, although it's not at all been confirmed, that perhaps he could be the Hamas commander, the senior security official that Israel says it has now arrested. We don't really have too many details here. A lot is very murky. We don't know if this is a raid that involved Israeli special forces going in on the ground, or whether it was just an Israeli backed militia, or whether it was both of them acting together. There are media reports that say all different versions. Certainly Israel cats who was visiting a Moschab. Next to the Gaza strip, he'd been meeting Israeli citizens and leaders of that community. He said that there were Israeli forces who were continuing all the time to work, at the same time as he was announcing that there had been this arrest that had taken place, but he gave no details of where it had been or who it was. Now we have seen plenty of video footage. It's not been verified yet, but

11:35this is from Inside Gaza with people showing a white van and cars completely mangled by Israeli airstrikes motorcycles, which they're claiming were used in this raid, close to the American hospital in the west of Gaza City. It's a neighborhood that is really packed with displaced people. And then you can see in some of the footage that there was this what people say was very unusually heavy bombardment. They say that there were several Israeli warplanes overhead, that there were Israeli drones that were being used, and there have been reports, initial reports at least, suggesting that this was a raid that went wrong, that a cover was blown off those special forces on the ground, and that then Israel went in there with its air support. And briefly how common are Israeli raids in areas where lots of Palestinians are gathered? We haven't heard of a raid exactly like this, certainly for some time. What is unfortunately common is to have on a near daily

12:36basis strikes continuing to take place. There was also another child who was killed by Israeli fire in the center of the Gaza Strip earlier. We were told by Palestinian medical sources, at least five people killed in the past day on top of all of this. So that is why people in Gaza will say to you that despite the ceasefire that is supposed to have been in place since last October, they don't feel that there is a ceasefire on the ground. Now Jerusalem correspondent Yolanda Nell. Norway's royal family traces its roots back to King Harald Fairham, more than a thousand years ago. The latest in the long line of monarchs, King Hawkeon VIII, has today pledged an oath of allegiance in Parliament. He inherited the throne when his father, King Harald V, died on Friday at the age of 89. Today the new king pledged up hold Norway's constitution. Norway's stuting, I promise and swear that I will govern the kingdom of Norway in accordance with its constitution and laws. So help me God, the Almighty and omniscience.

13:41King Hawkeon was driven from the royal palace to the storting or parliament in an open car, as we heard from Mimi Swaby. So this is the latest in a series of ceremonies marking the passing of the crown from King Harald V to his son King Hawkeon VIII. So during this oath, the new king pledged to uphold the constitution, but this oath also marks the limits of the king's powers. He is a constitutional monarchy, so he doesn't have any formal political power. After the oath, the president of parliament, the storting, took to the floor and delivered a memorial speech for his late father. That was followed by a minute of silence. And then we've seen lots of people now passing through the palace chapel, paying their last respects to the late king, whose body, whose coffin is lying in state there. His view north came in the 9th of September. So we've got a few days now for the public who he's immensely popular with to pay their last respects. But today marked the kind of formal ceremony. King Hawkeon took the crown automatically when

14:44his father died on Friday. This however is in place of a coronation. There is no coronation in Norway. That was abolished in practice in 1908. Usually the queen, so Metamari would have accompanied a nearby inside of the new king. However, she had a lung transplant in June, and due to complications of that, she was unable to attend the swearing in or taking the oath. So he was accompanied by the side of him was his daughter, Princess Ingrid, who is the first female heir to the throne in Norway. She was wearing a morning veil standing by her father's side, as he took that very formal oath, swearing his allegiance to Norway. As you say, a constitutional monarch, so doesn't have loads of political power, but presumably plays an important role for the people of Norway. What are the tasks facing him immediately? So the first task is essentially getting public trust back. The crown has had a tumultuous time, especially due to scandals

15:46related to King Hawkeon's immediate family. His wife came out earlier this year in January that she had links to the late US sex fender Jeffrey Epstein, something she's come out and said she apologised for and wish she never met him. His stepson has been convicted of two rape charges and has been sentenced to four years in prison, he's currently on house arrest, but has appealed the sentence. So these are things that didn't perhaps tarnish the late King, who was very popular with Norwegian. So Royal Family Broadly speaking still is, but gaining public trust as these scandals have got closer to the crown is something the new king will have to contend with. In the immediate future he will be trying to continue the legacy of his father. His father was a unifying figure during times of need for the country, during times of mourning, during times of grieving, during times of uncertainty, and that is something that many think and hope the new King will also embody, also with a modest lifestyle that has become accustomed of the Norwegian royals. Our Global Affairs reporter Mimi Swaby. Still to come on this podcast?

16:48We looked at patients receiving predominantly immunotherapy, whether the circadian rhythm or the body clock has an impact on the immune system. Can the time of day of treatment affect survival rates for cancer patients? A vicious gang of hackers causing chaos for businesses, councils and hospitals. Why if I don't finish this treatment and his cancer grows? But they didn't care. I'm dying, laughing. Making outrageous demands for money. They wanted millions. It was high tech and high stakes. The country's under attack. And it was highly secretive. Until someone exposed it all. Cyberhack season 4, The Conti Files, all episodes available now, wherever you get your BBC podcasts.

17:58This is the Global News Podcast. Four and a half years into its invasion of Ukraine, Russia is suffering huge losses on the front line. While at home, its energy sites and online warehouses are in range of Ukrainian drones. Russia has responded by redoubling its attacks on Ukraine, killing large numbers of civilians. The US has been in a very bad situation. The US has been in a very bad situation. Russia has responded by redoubling its attacks on Ukraine, killing large numbers of civilians. Today is the sixth day in a row that it's launched attacks, hitting hiv and the surrounding area. At least 12 people died, including seven in a railway depot. This man is a resident of an apartment block in the capital that was hit. There were a lot of frappin' injuries. There's a crater about two metres deep. Half the wall has been destroyed. The blast just tore everything apart. The entire entrance collapsed and the balcony was blown away. We're going to update from our diplomatic correspondent in hiv, James Landel.

19:00This is the sixth consecutive day of attacks by Russian forces on the capital Kiv, so clearly that is the result of a deliberate strategy by the Russian side. And what we've seen in recent days is primarily wave after wave of attacks by drones, especially the new and faster drones. What's been interesting about it is it hasn't been just overnight. It's been during the day as well, causing substantial death and disruption. What we had in the early hours of this morning here in Kiv was an attack that also included substantial number of ballistic missiles. And most of those seemed to have been targeted as far as we know against a railway depot where seven people died. But there were also some strikes in the east of the city in residential areas as well. And other people died there as well. But primarily, again, another focus by the Russians on trying to put more pressure on the people and the authorities here in the capital.

20:02And what do Russia's tactics appear to be in terms of the targeting? If you think about it, Russia's tactics change over time during the winter, and they tend to focus more on energy targets. How it's been interpreted here is that instead of just targeting infrastructure, air defenses on the perimeter of the city, there is a clear strategic aim now by the Russians to target distribution centers for warehouses, postal offices, factories where toys are being made, chocolates are being made, disrupting supermarkets and things like that, as well as disrupting daily life. Because in the last week or so, there's been a huge increase in the number of air raid alerts that have had to take place here. And when that happens, there are protocols that take place, and that means that some businesses have to close, some schools have to relocate their pupils. This causes a huge amount of disruption to the economy, to schooling. It causes fear, it causes anxiety, it means people are tired.

21:03And I think people are seeing it as an attempt by Russia to try and bring this city to its knees. You know, after four and a half years of very, very intensive war. And briefly, is Ukraine still able to hit back at Russia? Oh, yeah, Ukraine is still able to hit back at Russia and is doing so. It's continuing its deep strikes, targeting Russian oil refineries, and its own military targets. But as ever, the key vulnerability for Ukraine at the moment is interceptor drones to be able to take out the ballistic missiles that fly across these skies. But also to the newer and faster attack drones, which is getting much harder to intercept. James Landau and the Ukrainian capital. Founded in China in 2008, she and swiftly became one of the biggest clothes retailers in the world, churning out fast, fashion at ultra low prices through a vast network of Chinese factories. With a near $100 billion valuation, it had Wall Street in its sights.

22:04But its long awaited stock market debut in Hong Kong has turned out to be something of an anti-climax, as I heard from our Asia business correspondent, Ashana Shukla. Well, it wasn't really the debut that Shane would have wanted or expected. It was a disappointing start. As they started trading, shares slided. You know, nearly 10 percent. Later on, recovered a bit. They've closed it on 4 percent lower than their initial public offering price. But clearly, the investor concerns were visible in trade on day one. And this is also coming after their multiple attempts to list in different markets. They wanted to list in New York, in London, and eventually landed up in Hong Kong. And the valuation that you spoke about, $100 billion right now, it's almost just a quarter of that at about $26 billion. So certainly, the general public does not seem to be as enthused. And why has she in struggle to live up to those early expectations? Well, all the multiple reasons, you know, from regulatory to business.

23:07Costs have gone up. Competition has become very fierce. You know, what made Shane so popular among young people was, you know, they would predict, they would use AI to predict demand. And they would quickly turn around fashion for younger people at ultra low prices. That is something that other brands are also doing now. Plus, two of the biggest markets, US and the EU have removed the tax breaks that they gave for small parcels. That is hitting Shane really at their business angle, which is the ultra low prices. Add to that, there are regulatory concerns about labour practices in their Chinese factories, as well as environmental concerns and sustainability of fast fashion. All of this put together has really put a lot of question marks on the business and the growth prospects for Shane. It's now based in Singapore. Is Shane still seen as a Chinese success story? It is right. You know, just moving headquarters won't change the nature of the company. Their company is entirely sourcing from the vast network of factories in China.

24:07That is where their employees are based. And they've just moved their headquarters before the IPO bid. Reason why they wanted to try in New York and in London, but did not survive. Because most of the Western exchange markets are not seen Chinese companies with the same eyes as they were earlier. And that is where also the trade tensions come into picture. The US-China relationship would also kind of affect their business model at this point in time. So certainly moving headquarters is not taking away the tag of being a Chinese company. Oshana Shukla in Mumbai. Researchers have found that the time of day at which cancer patients get their treatment can have a significant effect on survival rates. Those who had mourning sessions could survive for nearly twice as long as those treated in the afternoon. Professor Paul Lorrigan from the Christie Cancer Hospital in Manchester is a senior author of the study. He spoke to Anna Foster. We looked at patients receiving predominantly immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer,

25:09but not everybody benefits from it equally. And there are many possible reasons for that, the type of cancer, the type of treatment, their own immune system. But one of the things we looked at was whether the circadian rhythm or the body clock has an impact on the immune system. And so we looked at over two and a half thousand patients treated in Manchester with a range of different cancers and a range of different types of immunotherapy. And what we found was that patients treated earlier in the day had in general a better outcome than patients treated later in the day. Now it varied from cancer type and it varied with treatment type as well. And how confident are you that this is a real theme, if you like? Because there was a, people might remember, there was a similar study earlier this year which was then retracted. Is this something that you are confident is happening? No, absolutely. I mean, what I think we're seeing here is a strong signal.

26:12What you're referring to is study from China in lung cancer. And that was withdrawn because of problems with the data. But we've looked at here is what's called a retrospective study. And there are many possible explanations for why this might be and that we haven't actually been able to see in our trial. So it might be that people arriving for treatment later are less well, are more frail, are relying on hospital transport, etc. So we really need to look at this more systematically. And as a result with colleagues in Southampton and in Cardiff, we've designed a trial to test this properly to see if this is real. And if it is real, why it's real to understand why the immune system might be more receptive at that specific times of the day. Is it the sort of thing, and we're going further down the line now, or if it does turn out that there's something in it, that the system could cope with everybody wanting their treatment at the same time of day? No, that's a very good question.

27:13And I mean, what we see is that the people who get the best outcome with immunotherapy get it early on. And so it's most likely it's just important for the first two or three or four cycles of treatment. And for a big center who's treating individual patients for up to two years, it would be quite possible just to give this first three or four cycles of treatment first thing in the morning. And then all the rest of the treatments would be given at a later time. And the potential benefits here, if it comes up to prove the sort of difference we've seen, we don't see that when we're trying to improve our treatments, we're adding in new drugs, more expensive drugs, causing more side effects. But this would be essentially cost neutral. It's just quite a, if it works, a significant benefit just based on giving the treatment at a different time of the day. Professor Paul Lorrigan. And that is all from us for now, but you can watch our episodes in full by searching for the Global News Podcast on YouTube. This edition was mixed by Louis Griffin and produced by Vanessa

28:15Heaney. Our editor is Karen Martin. I'm Oliver Conway. Until next time, goodbye. Don't play games with us. A vicious gang of hackers causing chaos for businesses, councils and hospitals. Why, if I don't finish this treatment and this cancer grows? But they didn't care. I'm dying, laughing. Making outrageous demands for money. They wanted millions. It was high tech and high stakes. The country's under attack. And it was highly secretive until someone exposed it all. Cyber-hack season four, the Conti files, all episodes available now, wherever you get your BBC podcasts.