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咸豐九年、十年，清朝正陷入內外交困嚴峻處境：太平軍攻破清朝江南、江北兩座大營，並且攻克清朝最重要經濟重心蘇州、杭州以及經濟命脈江南大運河；英法聯軍攻陷廣州，並且揮軍沿海岸北上，攻擊天津大沽口，直指北京，清軍慘敗，咸豐皇帝倉皇逃走到熱河避暑山莊，英法聯軍攻入北京城。清朝唯一可以倚重的軍隊，就是由地方團練組編而成的湘軍。
咸豐十年四月，清廷「以曾國藩署兩江總督；擢兵部郎中左宗棠四品京堂，襄辦曾國藩軍務」，曾國藩開始獲得地方實權，左宗棠返回湖南招募壯丁，組編「楚軍」五千人為收復浙江作準備。曾國...
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