Human Lie Detector: The #1 Sign They’re Lying To You, Catch Liars Instantly! | Dr Leanne ten Brinke

0:00How long does it take someone to spot a psychopath? About five seconds. So most people think a psychopath looks dangerous. They picture the villain in a movie, but that's not how it works in real life. We've done some research in my lab, and we found there are certainly some things that you can look for. Have they ever done that with lying to figure out if people can spot lies? Thousands of times. You ask people what's the number one cue that someone is lying to you? They will say they can't look you in the eye, but there's no research to suggest that that is true. However, there's an essential tool for detecting lies, which is... Oh, fuck. I know, as I study dark personality traits, and I found that there's more different elements, which are psychopathy, macchiabellanism, narcissism, and sadism. And what we found is that people with higher levels of these traits engage in duchin smiles, which is the activation around the eyes, and they also use a lot of hand gestures. What does this come from? Well, research suggests that abuse, cold, uncaring, parenting style, but also overvaluation of a child early in life may lead to more narcissistic views later.

1:02Is there any other fascinating questions you've pursued in your lab? Yes. We studied the extent to which psychopathic personality traits could increase the amount of influence you have in government, and also there are three common mistakes people make when dealing with dark personalities. We'll get into this more later. And I'm wondering if you can spot any of these dark personality traits just by looking at dating profiles. All right. So this is Ryan. This feels like a replica. And then there's Haley. That would be associated with psychopathy. OK. David is a brain surgeon. Very impressive. But I'm seeing narcissism. So I guess this begs the question. But if someone has those traits you've described, can they be cured? So in my lab, what we found is that... Guys, I've got a favor to ask before this episode begins. It's the algorithm. If you follow a show, deliver you the best episodes from that show very prominently in your feed. So when we have our best episodes on this show, the most shared episodes, the most rated episodes, I would love you to know. And the simple way for you to know that is to hit that follow button.

2:04But also, it's the simple, easy, free thing that you can do to help us make this show better. I would be hugely grateful if you could take a minute on the app you're listening to this one right now and hit that follow button. Thank you so, so, so much. Professor Leanne Tenbrink. At the very heart of your motivations, why is it you do what you do? I want to make people less cynical about human nature, which I think might seem kind of paradoxical given what I study, because I study deception and dominance and so-called dark personality traits. But I think when you understand those topics and also that there's something you can do about it to make these interactions better, it's incredibly powerful and can give us a more accurate view of the world. And why are the population at large so interested in these subjects? Because they are, they're fascinated by it.

3:04But what is underneath all of this sort of fascination in curiosity? What are they trying to figure out when people are interested in psychopathy? You know, I think one of the reasons why we are so interested in psychopathy is because it's quite foreign to us. So most of us move through life, caring about other people, having compassion for other people, telling a few lies here and there, but by and large being very truthful and honest, and kind of playing by the rules. And that's like the opposite of psychopathy. And so I think when you are faced with this personality that is quite the opposite of your whole experience of being alive, you're like, what's going on? And I want to understand that. I think there's also an element. There actually is some research on true crimes, specifically, and why people are interested in true crime tends to be a largely female audience. And some of the motivations that people report is like wanting to understand and wanting to avoid becoming victim of these people.

4:06Is it possible to spot someone who is a psychopath? Yes. How long, according to the research, does it take someone to spot a psychopath? OK, you can get a kernel of truth about someone's personality, the extent to which they're psychopathic, in about five seconds. Explain the research to me. OK, so this is researched by Scott Lillianfeld and his colleagues. And basically what they did is they showed people five second, 10 second, and 20 second clips of these interviews where criminal offenders were being interviewed by a psychologist and raided on their psychopathic personality traits. And then you had random psychology student volunteer for research watching five seconds of that interaction and making a rating of how callous to they seem, how manipulative do they seem. And they found that there is actually a pretty reasonable correlation between the ratings

5:07of these naive folks who watch five seconds and the trained clinical psychologists who did hours long interviews and gathered collateral information. And so we partnered with Scott and we got these videos and we coded the verbal and nonverbal behavior. Like, are these people behaving differently? And what are people paying attention to? And what we found is that people with higher levels of these traits engage in these what we call dooshensmiles. They're a genuine looking smile. Yeah, that's the one. So what distinguishes these two kinds of smiles is the activation around the eyes. And it's the creation of like crow's feet. So you kind of get lines in the corner. So a genuine person will have crow's feet when they smile theoretically. Theoretically. Again, they can be both talks and all kinds of things getting away this, but. Yeah. So it's in the eyes. Yes, it's totally in the eyes. Whereas a non-dooshens smile, you have the same kind of upturned lips

6:11and maybe you're showing your teeth. You got a big grin, but no activation around the eyes. So you don't get those crow's feet. The people who were high in these psychopathic personality traits, they were showing these kinds of like, you know, very happy looking smiles as they were saying really hostile things. So they were using like happy expressions, hostile language at the same time. So you get this kind of like weird emotional presentation. They also used a lot of hand gestures. We call them illustrators. Those seem to be things that just, you know, random observers paid attention to and used to help guide their judgments, which of course is like such little information to go on. But it does suggest that, you know, you can get a sense of someone relatively quickly. But again, personality is something that exists across time and context. So you're going to get better data, the more data that you have across those different times and places. I've got two more facial expressions here. Mm-hmm. So this is sadness. So some of the research that I've done has actually looked at people

7:13who've gone on TV and asked for help trying to find their missing loved one. And in some proportion of those cases, they were actually guilty of killing that person. So they are like falsely pleading for help for someone they know is never coming back. And- Isn't this your PhD? This is my PhD, yeah. What was your PhD in? In psychology, but I was in a more like forensic context at that time. So I was studying behavioral cues to emotional high stakes deception. I tried to spot someone who was, say, in the media saying, I can't find my wife. Please help me. A thousand percent. But they killed their own wife. Yes, yeah. So I was comparing a bunch of those cases to a bunch of cases where people genuinely had no idea where their missing loved one had gone. And they were, you know, desperately pleading to have them home. And this is one of the differences that we saw in that set of videos where like,

8:13maybe you can try to do this with me, Steven. Are you up for it? I'm up for it. What was that for? Okay. So in genuine sadness, you get the like downturn lip corners. Okay. So you did that pretty easily. What tends to be more difficult is this combination in the eyebrows. So you're just your inner eyebrows comes upward and together. Oh, you're pretty good. Nicely done. It was hard. Hard to. So what we saw in the people who were lying was more like surprise. So like they were able to kind of pull the lip corners down. But instead of like the inner eyebrows going upward and together, the whole inner and outer eyebrows would go up, but not together. So it's kind of like, and you could predictably tell from footage if someone had done it or not. Like was that correlation? Yeah. So we're able to use four different cues. So two verbal and two nonverbal to predict with about 90% accuracy who was lying and who was telling the truth.

9:14Kaviat to that. We tried to replicate that more recently. And we found much more modest effects. But we did find consistencies, especially with the verbal stuff. And there it was the number of words that people used as well as tentative words. So liars would tend to say things like, if you see this come home or call or whatever, it was kind of like a little vague about what this person should do if they saw it. Saying things like, it wasn't like an argument per say that we were having. So they kind of left a lot of like gray area in the things that they were saying. Whereas the truthful people were like, when you see this call me, they were more sort of high conviction and precise. Yes, exactly. Yeah. I think down there we have some cards that say three signs someone is lying. So one cue to deception is sparser ambiguous information. So the most consistent effect we have that differentiates people who are telling the truth

10:16from people who are lying is the amount of detail that they give. So people who are lying tend to give fewer details. Interesting. I thought it was the opposite. Yeah, I hear this a lot where people are like, no, but liars will like, you know, natter on and on and on. That's not what we find in the research whatsoever, especially, especially when people don't have time to prepare. So whenever people have time to prepare, they can start to look pretty much like a truth teller on the amount of information they have. But if you get someone on the spot, the truth teller just has to like say, remember what happened and like spit it out and tell you, right? And you can even ask for more information like tell me more about that and they can come up with more information about that because they were there, right? The person who is lying has a much harder task. We call this they have increased cognitive load, which means that like they need to come up with details on the spot.

11:16They need to not contradict themselves. They need to make sure they remember it for the next time they can tell this lie. They also need to try to imagine like, what do you know already? And how do I not contradict or essentially step in it, right? Whenever I'm trying to explain what actually didn't happen. They must have high blood pressure anyway, just from knowing that they're not telling the truth and that must make your cortisol spike to know that you're like. Yeah, we've done some research in my lab to show that people who are lying tend to have an increased cortisol reactivity relative to people who are telling the truth. You know on this one, the reason why the reason I was surprised to hear it is because when I, I want, I'm a big true crime fan, like obsessed. And I often watch the interrogation videos. And I think I thought I heard before that when they're interviewing someone who is guilty, they will give lots of like irrelevant detail on other parts of it. I was watching the Jesse Smollet interview he did on TV. Yeah.

12:17Again, he had time to prepare. So maybe that's the caveat. And he really described a bunch of pointless stuff. He was like talking to the journalist. He was like, you know, and then I landed and I called my manager who was in Australia because my manager is on tour with someone else and I did a little, and then even when he talked about going to Subway and getting the subway rap, he mentioned that it was like a tuna rap. So like the details he was sure on and that were probably true. Yeah. He seemed to really expand out. And then when it gets him to the other stuff, which is where the bulk of the lies took plays allegedly, it was quite vague. Yeah. So we call that embedded lies, right? So like he's giving lots of detail where it's truthful. Yeah. And then almost no detail where it's a lie, right? And then lots of detail where it's truthful. So you can also kind of like compare someone's like a baseline. Like do they tend to give lots of detail? Do they tend to be sparse on information? You can look for kind of deviations. And so if you notice that like someone tells you a really long story, there's tons of

13:17detail about all these other things. And then in this part of the story, there's like very little information, very sparser and big, you know, this information, right? That can be a red flag. And I think what's important to remember is that there is no panochios, no, there's no like one queue. And so what you're looking for is just like these subtle cues that are like red flags and encourage you to follow up, ask more questions, dig in to that topic a little bit further. And in the same way, they did the research to figure out if members of the public could just on the surface tell if someone was a psychopath in five, 10 or 20 seconds, have they ever done that with lying to figure out if people can spot lies? Literally thousands of times. Really? Yeah. So in my lab, we've actually had them steal a hundred dollar bill from a room and then we had someone come in and essentially interrogate them and everyone had to deny it, right? So the people who took it were lying and the people who did not take it were telling

14:19the truth. And we put a hundred bucks on the line, right? So like if you're able to convince this person that you didn't take it when you actually did, you can keep that Benjamin. And then we showed these videos to other people, right? People are not very good at detecting these, these lies or really any kind of lies on average. People perform at about 54% accuracy. Like if I gave you 12 videos, six or liars, six or truth tellers, you'll get like six or seven, right? What if someone is trained? Did the stats increase? So they can increase a little bit. Yes. What is better actually is learning how to ask better questions. Oh, really? Yeah. So instead of just being like, here's a video of someone lying or telling the truth, like that's all you get. And just like, look at that and tell me if they're lying or telling the truth. Good lie detectors ask for more information or they ask unanticipated questions where people haven't prepared for them.

15:21And then those cues of deception, that like sparse information, that like sense that they're thinking really hard is really going to kind of go off the charts. And so learning how to ask good questions is actually a really kind of essential tool for detecting lies. I mean, we're going to have to go into that rabbit hole. I'm going to be careful here because people are going to take the side of context. Say that I suspect my partner is cheating on me. And I sit them down and I go, babe, listen, are you cheating on me? And they go, no, absolutely not. What would be a good question to ask to ascertain if they are actually cheating on me? So I think where you first made a mistake is you asked a closed-ended question. Are you cheating on me? No. I didn't even give them an opportunity to like have to come up with something more difficult, right? If you were like, okay, well, I think last Friday night you said you had to work late, but I don't really believe that. I think you were out with someone else.

16:21You would say, tell me about, you know, work on Friday night. And so then you're asking an open-ended question. Okay, let's roleplay. Okay. Okay. You're the one that suspects I'm cheating. And last Friday night I was up to something. That's the context. Let's do this. Okay. I know you had to work late on Friday night. What were you working on? Yeah, big investment deal that we're working on with a couple of the colleagues we had to get a deck together. So I was, yeah, I stayed till 3am and the morning was something crazy like that and ended up falling asleep on my desk and yeah, that's a long one. Anyway, what's for what we're doing today? What's we doing? Okay. Red flags. Flying up. Red flags. Flying up. So I would ask more questions. I would be like, oh, like what client were you working on this for? What's the deck about? Yeah, so we're doing an investment deal with Google. So it's Google's, yeah, it's Google. I could ask you like, okay, tell me about like what was in the deck, right?

17:22And you give me a little bit kind of sketchy information. A great question to have in your back pocket. Just tell me more about that. You don't even have to like try very hard to figure out like, where am I going to stump them, right? If you just ask, tell me more about that. At some point, the liar is going to have a lot more trouble coming up with additional details than the truth teller who's the truth teller is going to be like, oh, well, this is what the project was about. Like it was actually super annoying because I couldn't get the font on the, you know, on the slide deck to stay on the slide, whatever. Like you as a truth teller, you were there and you know all those annoying little things that maybe you didn't include in the, you know, first version of the story. But if you, someone asked you for more detail, you could go into more detail. Whereas the person who's lying, who's making this up, that's much more difficult for them to do because that didn't actually happen. And so they're going to be somewhat vague. Yes, vague. And the details are going to be really difficult to verify.

18:22So if they do give you some details, it might be like the things that you, you don't know the co-workers that you're working with, right? Oh, it's a new guy at work. Like, you don't know him. So in general, liars tend to give you a verifiable details. And there's this actually really fascinating study that, you know, sometimes we're like, we're trying to like dissect, right? Someone's behavior. We're trying, we're paying attention to their words. We're paying attention like, oh, are they fidgeting or something, which is actually not a good, cute deception. We're looking at their eye contact, also not a good, cute deception. So, and we are trying to like create this crazy algorithm in our head, like adding up all of these different behaviors to try to determine whether I think you're lying or telling the truth. Actually research suggests that if you just ask how verifiable was that statement, that's a better strategy for trying to accurately detect lies, then trying to use all of these other cues that actually don't work.

19:23I, if you ask yourself, how verifiable is the excuse this person I think is lying gave me? Yes, exactly. I think the broader finding is just that it is better to focus on one cue that works than to try to put together all of these like little cues that mostly don't work at all. Okay. Yeah. And the third one now? The third one, you know, we've kind of touched on, but it's just visible cognitive effort. So, all of this stuff, you know, the details that people need to come up with is really hard to do, right? And they might be speaking really slowly. They might be using lots of ums and aves and ares. They might be kind of like throwing their brow, trying to figure things out. Again, it's important to remember that like you could pause for a million different reasons that are not deception related, right? You could just be trying to remember something. You could be throwing your brow because I don't know your foreheads itchy, whatever. So, none of these are Pinocchio's nose, but they are reliably associated with deception.

20:29What about body language? People always talk about body language. People put a lot of stock in a body language, particularly into like gaze version. So, if you go around the world and you ask people what's the number one cue that someone is lying to you, they will say sketchy eye contact. And there's no research to suggest that that is true. And if you think about it for like a hot second, it makes so much sense, right? Because I sometimes tell a lie, you sometimes tell a lie. We all know the stereotype that liars can't look you in the eye. So, if I want you to believe me, I'm going to make sure I control my eye contact. Right? And that's something that's that's well under our control. And there's neurodivigents and things like that, which means that some people who have sort of certain neurodivisities struggle with eye contact, but it doesn't necessarily mean that they're lying. Exactly. So, there's some emerging research to suggest that people who are on the autism spectrum are perceived as lying more when they're actually telling the truth.

21:33And that's because of this eye contact thing, which people are using as a cue to deception, but in fact, is unrelated to deception. I mean, there's also like cultural differences, right? And some cultures, it's more respectful, like not to look at you in the eye. And so that can also lead to kind of errors in our judgment. And there's this sort of dark personality trait, um, here thing I hear a lot of this, I guess, because they're triad. It was a triad, no good, tetrad. Okay, so is that what this is? Yes. Okay, so if you want to reveal what each of those is, one at a time. Psychopathy, for example, what is psychopathy? Psychopathy is a constellation that is a set of personality traits. So it's not just one thing. Having kind of a superficial charm, they're quite manipulative. And they tend to be pretty grandiose, so they've got a pretty inflated view of themselves. There's also emotional components, so they tend to have pretty shallow emotional experiences,

22:34a lack of remorse and guilt for harming other people. But they tend not to take responsibility for their own actions. In addition, they tend to be pretty impulsive. So they are kind of live in life by the seat of their pants, and they're not really, you know, planning far out into the future. And so they might, you know, kind of mow off of a family members or a romantic partner. And then lastly, they tend to break a lot of rules. So this might be just like workplace rules or social norms, but psychopathy has largely been studied in criminal populations. So this could also be laws. The other three of the so-called dark-tattrad share some elements, but also had some like unique flavors. So the next one we've got here is Machiavellianism. And that is, you know, named after Nicolo Machiavelli, who wrote The Prince, which is kind of how two manuals, like a gain in wield power.

23:37So as a personality trait, they tend to be pretty cynical about other people. They tell a lot of lies, and they try to manipulate people. But it's more like three-dimensional chess, you know, like they might learn a little tidbit about UCVN, they'll be like, you know what? I could use that again some later. I'm just going to like put that in my back pocket. And you know, when I need to manipulate or like a black male you in the future, right, they'll have that available to them. So this is very interested in power, which of course is where the name comes from. Next one is narcissism, you know, that's one that people know pretty well, right? So these are people who tend to be very entitled, and they're very willing to exploit other people in order to get what they think they deserve, right? So it's like very relentless kind of self-focus. This word has been used quite a lot in culture. It's thrown around all the time. Constantly, yes. I don't know if you have that. I mean, narcissism like all of these traits exist on the continuum.

24:40Okay. So you or anyone else, myself, could take a measure, a self-report measure of the extent to which I have these traits, right? And you can land anywhere from very low to very high. Now, some of these traits, narcissism being one of them actually has a, there's a personality disorder diagnosis at the incredibly high end, right? So this appears in the diagnostic and statistical manual, which is basically like a list of different mental disorders. You could go to a psychologist or psychiatrist, they could assess you and diagnose you if you have like extreme levels of narcissism. But like people land everywhere, right? So I think part of the problem is that people say, oh, she's a narcissist, right? He's a narcissist. Are they a narcissist or a psychopath? And they make this kind of very binary distinction there, right?

25:40I guess I have whalms with those words for a couple of different reasons. You know, these exist on a continuum. There's no clear like moment where it becomes you are a narcissist versus not a narcissist. And so as with all of these other traits, it's a bit of a mouthful. I think it's more accurate to say they have relatively high levels of narcissism or psychopathy or whatever the case is. And you said that there's two main types of narcissist? Yeah. So increasingly, personality psychologists are identifying this kind of vulnerable type and a grandiose type. And so grandiose is like one that we all know well where it's like, they've got this ego, it's huge. It like cannot be popped, right? It's like, they get this negative feedback and it's like nothing gets through to them. And they always think they should be the one in charge, etc. For those individuals, they tend to get very angry with a particular kind of threat to

26:41their ego. And that is like a failure to achieve, like they wanted this promotion at work. They didn't get it. Vonerable individuals actually have kind of a very fragile ego. Interesting. So it can be popped very easily, essentially. So if they get negative feedback from people, maybe they get like socially rejected, that's when they become quite angry. That's more of a trigger for them. And is it you using the word angry as the outcome of both those types of narcissists? But I guess one would assume that maybe just from the wording that a vulnerable narcissist would get more upset or more self-critical or something like that. The research at least was focused on anger and response to these kinds of threats to their ego. But certainly emotional, like combative. Oh, combative. This is when you're going to get like a really negative response. Like someone who is relatively low on narcissism of both kinds, you know, could take that kind

27:47of feedback that like, no, I don't think a second date is really for us, right? Like someone with vulnerable narcissism is going to respond badly. Do you know what I asked the question? It's just a friend to mind because of a conversation I was having the other day where we were interviewing someone. And during the interview process, they were very quick to say, to claim credit for like all of the things the company they worked at had done. And they were also very quick to say that they were like good at everything. Even as I walked out the room with them and I said, oh, can I message you on this particular app? They said, I'm amazing at that app. Again, I'm anonymizing. A lot of this is slightly changed. And I walked out of the room weirdly, having interviewed thousands and thousands of people over the years, thinking to myself, they were so lovely, but it felt to me like it was more coming from a place of insecurity. And when you look at their story, it's a story of someone who has been continually counted out overlooked for opportunities and almost has a bit of a chip on their shoulder to try and be, prove themselves.

28:50Now, another person I think would look at that same pattern of behavior and say, oh, that has been the narcissist. So when I had a vulnerable narcissist versus this sort of grandiose one, I was wondering if is at all linked what I'm saying. For vulnerable narcissism, the reason that they would respond so poorly to this kind of rejection is that they need kind of constant admiration and positive feedback from other people to keep there you go, like going. I called this person's former employer to get a reference and they said about him that one of the quotes was, he always needs a gold star. What's the difference between deep insecurity and narcissism in this regard? The deep insecurity, it would need to be coupled with these entitlement. There's still a grandiose sense of self. It's just that it is quite fragile. So they're like, they think they're really good and they're willing to exploit other people to get what they think they deserve and they feel like they've been victimized. That's why they haven't gotten all of the accolades that they think they deserve.

29:54Now, I think kind of regardless of where this person sits on this continuum, they might still have incredible skills. They might have the abilities that you're looking for. So is this something you can manage or is this going to create problems? I didn't get any sense that they were entitled or that they would use other people to their advantage. I got the impression that people would generally like them and that they weren't entitled at all. But they still had these sort of self-promotional traits. And I think in society, the minute someone's overly self-promotional, we run to the narcissist category versus it could be other things I'm presuming. Yes. I think in that situation, you need to be mindful of the situation as well. So our behavior is a combination of both our personality and the situation that we're in. So if you're at a job interview, your whole goal is to show people I can do this job, I've got the skills that you need.

30:55And so in a job interview, we might come across as a more confident, more presenting ourselves in the best possible light. I think we're very quick to rush to a personality assessment. It's called the fundamental attribution error. So it's like when I see someone behave in a particular way, they're maybe being self-promoting, saying all the things that they can do really well, I could be like, oh, that's narcissistic, right? That's a personality trait. And we tend to be more likely to do that to others. But if I was in their shoes, I would be like, I was just trying to show Steven like what I could do. It's the situation that made me act kind of bigger than my bridges, right? So we need to also be aware of like the situation can impact our behavior. And so we want to be not too quick to make a personality attribution where the situation

31:55could explain that. And that's maybe a really important point to make here is that personality is a consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving over time and across context. So if you've only got one interaction with this person, you've only got one interaction with this person. You probably get a sense of their personality, but you might see them out with their friends or with their family and they might be, they might not be kind of so boastful, right? And that might suggest that this is really the situation talking, not the personality. What are the gender differences in narcissism in terms of both different types of narcissism? You mentioned vulnerable narcissism and also grandiose narcissism. And then I guess there might be some other gender differences in our ability to like spot these behaviors. So when it comes to all of these traits that we're talking about, men tend to score someone higher than women. And that's quite a consistent finding. But it's not to say that women can not score like very high on these traits.

32:58There are certainly cases and there's quite a bit of overlap, but on average, you know, the averages for men tend to be higher than the averages for women. And there's a fourth brick. That's the newest and latest one, which is sadism. When you hear sadism, you might jump to like pretty extreme. Yeah, I was thinking of like the devil and stuff. Yeah. I mean, I first started studying sadistic behavior in the context of like sexual homicides. Like I was reading through these descriptions of criminal behavior and I was looking for signs of sadistic treatment of the victims. So it's like, it can get incredibly extreme, right? And that's probably where our mind goes. But there's also like kind of more everyday versions. One good example is like online trolling. So we know that people who are relatively high in sadism tend to, they take pleasure in other people's pain, right? And so you could do that in incredibly like gruesome, horrifying ways or you could just

33:59be like pushing people's buttons online, trying to get people upset. They all share kind of three things. They are callous. So they don't care about other people. They don't care about your feelings or your outcomes. They're manipulative. So they're willing to lie and cheat to get what they want and they're hostile to other people. So that's kind of like the core of all of these traits. That's what they share. Fisods. Mm-hmm. Are they good at hiding it? Yes. In fact, some of the like earliest descriptions of psychopathy in particular described it as like a mask of sanity. And so it's like they can seem quite kind of normal on the surface. But if you kind of get a look underneath the hood, you see that they're not running the same kind of operating system that you are. What is the inverse of all this stuff? Because we've pointed at the traits and a lot of those are things people understand. Mm-hmm. But there's also some misconceptions. Mm-hmm. There's also the opposite, which is like people think narcissists or psychopaths can't hold

35:03eye contact is one of the ones you hear all the time. What are some of these ones that through your research you've been able to debunk is not being true? So I think one of the biggest ones is that all people with high levels of psychopathy are violent. And that's absolutely not the case. I think it kind of links to your tweet here. Yeah. So most people think a psychopath looks dangerous. They picture the villain in a movie, but that's not how it works in real life. So you probably noticed that like in that description that I gave you, kind of a long-winded description of psychopathy with all those four different elements, I did say that there was rule breaking, right? And sometimes that's criminal rule breaking. So that could be violent behavior, but it's not necessarily. So, so psychopathy is like a risk factor for violent behavior, but there's plenty of people who would score relatively highly and never engage in violent behavior. They might break rules in other ways, right? So I think whenever we hear the word psychopathy, what comes to mind is like a Ted Bundy, right? Ted Bundy type character.

36:03He reportedly scored, I think, 39 out of 40 or something on the psychopathy checklist revised, which is a measure that psychologists will use to assess how psychopathic someone is. So yeah, he's a bit of a poster boy for those traits, but certainly people can score highly without being a serial murderer. In terms of the amount of the population that have one of these dark personality traits, what are the numbers? How common is it? So this is a complicated question, because as I told you, you know, all these traits exist on a continuum. So the proportion of people that we say are high on these traits depends on where you put that cut point, right? If we're talking about psychopathy and clinical levels, that means a score of 30 out of 40 on the psychopathy checklist revised or higher. That's about 1% of the population.

37:04Narcissistic personality disorder. So again, very extreme levels of those traits, enough to warrant a diagnosis. That would be 2 to 5%. We don't have clinical cutoffs for satism and macchipelianism. What we do have is a ton of data of people who have completed self-report questionnaires. So like one way that you can kind of get a sense of how many people are high on these traits is by looking at the proportion of people who on average agree with the items. Like if I say, I am a born leader. To what extent do you agree with that? That's narcissism, item. If you say, yeah, I agree with that. To what extent do you say you like to see other people get hurt? Say it doesn't trade. Yeah, I agree with that, right? So if you just look at the people who on average agree with the items that we use to self-report assess these traits, it's about 10% of the population.

38:05And where does this come from? Is this, does this come from childhood trauma? When you think about some of these, you know, these individuals, you have on these photos in front of you here. Where do you think their anti-social or dark triad or dark personality behavior stems from? Is it something happening in their childhood? Is it genetics? Is it something else? The answer is both. So the research suggests that with respect to psychopathy, narcissism quite similar, the variation in someone's score on that personality trait is about 50% genetic and about 50% environmental experiences. And so, you know, it can, in some ways, make us realize that these people didn't ask to be this way because, I mean, you don't get to choose your parents. So you don't get to choose your genetics. And then when it comes to those environmental experiences, often they're like early life experiences and not good ones. So research suggests that, you know, abuse, really kind of cold, uncaring, parenting style,

39:08early in life can increase the likelihood that someone will have higher levels of these traits later in life. For narcissism, another variable is like over evaluation of a child early in life may lead to more narcissistic abuse later. Over evaluation. So there's one study. It was a longitudinal study and they asked parents like the extent to which they, you know, told their kids like, you're special. You're like better than other kids. And the more the kids got that kind of feedback, the more likely they were to be, you know, more narcissistic later down the road like they thought they were exceptional. They thought they were entitled to things that other people were not entitled to. And that's different than self-esteem. We want our kids to have high self-esteem. We want them to know that they are, you know, cared for and worthy. That comes from something different. That comes from like a warm, responsive parenting styles. In that study, I was thinking about causation.

40:08And I was wondering if the parents themselves had a genetic disposition to be narcissistic. Is it conceivable that they then spoke highly to their children? Yep. And actually maybe it wasn't the nurturing part. It was their nature. I.e. That child also shared the genetics as the parent who had the proclivity to tell them that they were the most amazing thing ever. Yeah. Totally. I mean, mostly I think about this in the context of psychopathy where like sometimes you've got like a perfect storm, right? So like you might have a parent who has really high levels of these traits. So they're passing on that potential genetic risk factor. But if you've got someone, you know, a parent in your household who is callous, manipulative, impulsive, it's going to be very difficult to maintain like a pretty stable home life for that child. And so they might end up experiencing, you know, some of those like abuse and cold kind of parenting styles that are also environmental risk factors for developing psychopathy later

41:09in the light. And get like a double whammy. From all the research you've done and all the studying of these dark person, as you traits you've done and self-esteem and everything in between, is there any way to increase one's probability of being a good parent? Like from everything you've seen, what is the like right approach? I know that's a difficult thing to say because kids are all different, but I mean, warm and responsive parenting. Is it like when you look at treatment for kids who are showing early warning signs with these callous and unemotional traits, that's the treatment that seems to work. And actually that's kind of like the silver lining in this whole, you know, kind of dark research area is that early intervention with kids really can help reduce the likelihood of them developing high levels of psychopathic traits as they grow older. Usually it's like it's training parents, you know, it's not like a kid comes in and talks to a therapist like once a week and then we're good, right?

42:12It's more training parents about how to respond in ways that don't like escalate, create these kind of like dominance contests when the kid acts out, but also to reinforce and kind of model this warm and responsiveness. But what's fascinating about psychopathy and callous and unemotional traits in kids is that they tend to be not very responsive to punishment. They're very responsive to rewards. So if you see kids doing something kind or helpful, the like parent child interaction training teaches parents to repeat what they said, say that was a very kind thing to say, just like repeating, showing, responding to that, paying attention to their behavior when they do something good or kind, reinforcing it and giving that attention to increased

43:13likelihood that you see it in the future. And so the inverse of that in terms of a bad way to respond to a child that might lead to some of these dark personality traits in the future would be... A cold and unresponsive parenting, getting angry, getting frustrated with them. I mean, physically harming them, that's a child abuse is associated with increased likelihood of developing these traits over time. You mentioned dominating in terms of dominating conversation trying to out-do them. Yeah, so I mean, and this is something that I think is not exclusive to parenting kids with CU traits, but sometimes, you know, if a kid is having a tantrum, you'll like, you'll see a parent saying like, no, you can't have that. And then they'll like, you know, increase the tantrum level. Like, no, you can't have that. But then once it gets to a certain point, you like give in, right? What that teaches is that you just need to escalate your behavior. You need to continue to like dominate your parent, like kick it up a notch, kick it up a notch.

44:14And then at some point, you're going to win as a kid. So that kind of parenting is not going to extinguish the negative behavior very effectively. And there's a brain scan. They're in front of you. What is that brain scan? This is a scan of functional MRI. So what they're pointing out there is the prefrontal cortex. So research suggests that people who have high levels of psychopathy tend to have less active and less connected prefrontal cortex. That's associated with impulse control. It's also associated with kind of moral reasoning, moral thinking. If their, you know, brains are less active during the same moral or impulse control task in those regions, this might help us to explain why they're more likely to behave impulsively to, you know, not be empathetic to other people. There's also Diabetic Dela, which I don't think you can see on here, but it's on the inside. You can open it up.

45:14Okay. Let's see. So other research on psychopathy suggests that the amygdala, which is deep within our brain, is also associated with emotional respondiv, particularly fear. And so we know that people with high levels of psychopathy tend to have, they experience pretty low fear. And they're not very good at like aversive conditioning, right? So like if we get punished for something, we learn that whenever we, you know, come up against that stimuli again in the future, we're like, oh, that turned out really bad the last time. I'm going to avoid that. So amygdala is in people with high levels of psychopathy tend to be both smaller and less active. So there are, there is like, you know, brain differences, neurological differences between people with high levels and low levels of psychopathy. So I guess this begs the question that if someone has those traits you've described, or if there are any one of these four things in this dark triad, these dark personality traits, can they be cured?

46:16So some change is possible. But I mean, some, some being an operative word there. So most of the research we have on psychopathy in particular comes from criminal offenders. So individuals who are incarcerated have to take part in some treatment while they're inside. And the research finds that they're not particularly motivated to change. So that's a big problem with like all of these things because they don't particularly care about other people. And it tends to be other people that they are hurting with their behavior. And so it's like, why would I change? This is like a you problem, not a me problem, right? So motivation can be difficult to come by with this population. But if they do consistently engage in cognitive behavioral therapies, you can reduce the likelihood of recidivism. So the likelihood that they will reoffend upon release.

47:18Again, we're talking about incarcerated individuals. When it comes to lower levels of these traits, it's really interesting research by Nathan Hudson had people do these agreeableness challenges. And agreeableness is kind of like the opposite of these traits. So you would just like ping them on their smartphone every day and would say like, oh, you should give a compliment to a friend. You should reach out to a friend and just offer some some encouragement. You should, you know, buy coffee for the person behind you in line at the cafe today. These little things where people were encouraged to be kind, be helpful to other people, to see other people's perspectives. And people who actually followed through on those did report having lower levels of these traits after four months than at the start. And in your book under the section that says hard truths, dark personalities persist. You write poisonous people aren't likely to change very much.

48:19These traits are by definition enduring. Although some evolution of our character happens naturally, it takes decade. Data suggests that people become a bit more agreeable over time and research with incarcerated men finds that even those with clinical levels of psychopathy are less likely to reoffend as they get older. Even so, waiting it out is likely to be a painful strategy. One study asked more than a thousand people who knew individual who were psychopathic for a long time whether their behavior had improved past the age of 50, almost all respondents, 93%, said that as researchers put it, quote, the behavior was just as bad or worse after age 50 than it had been previously, just as bad or worse. I mean, it's their personality, right? So it's kind of like asking a tiger to change their stripes. So if you're not motivated to do it, as we know, people with these traits tend not to be very motivated, that's where that, you know, 97% of folks come in as like, they're

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50:27That's pro.fiver.com. Hello, I wasn't able to make that finance meeting. Can you tell me what I missed? What I have in front of me is whisper flows, new note taker. And for me, it's been an absolute game changer. I spend most of my life sat in very, very long meetings with lots of different teams and lots of different departments. In any given week, I could have 40, 50 meetings and sometimes more. But also, I sit in podcasts where lots of very interesting things get said. And I need to focus on the conversation. What whisper flows note taker does for me is it catches the entire context of everything that's happened throughout my entire week. It labels who the people are that said what? And I can ask it for things that I might have forgotten, for actions, things that I said I would do that I haven't yet done. It's building this sort of broader context of everything that's happening in my life. And it's an incredible, incredible superpower. I love the fact that so many of you come up to industry because you know I'm an investor in whisper flow and tell me how much it's changed your life. It is the worst kept secret in productivity. If you want to give it a go, head to whisperflow.ai slash Stephen to download it right now

51:27and give it a try. And once you try it, I think you realize where we let them sponsor this podcast. It's amazing. Is there anything else in this bucket that you find interesting? Because I know you may or may not be working on a book that refocuses on deception. But is there anything else that we haven't covered here that you think is permanent or any research that you uncovered that was fascinating? So in my lab right now, I've become increasingly fascinated with how we respond to people who are lying to us when we're not suspicious at all. Because most of the research is like, I give you a bunch of videos and I tell you some of these people are lying, some are telling the truth and you make judgments about them. But that's not how real life works like at all. So usually we're having some sort of interaction with people. No one comes in and says, you need to judge the veracity of this person. We're just having a conversation. And so I've been really interested in how conversations unfold, how interactions unfold when one person is lying and the other person is just like non-noiser. And so we keep finding these pretty small but consistent effects that people feel less

52:34close to their interaction partner when someone is lying to them. Close. Yeah, so we actually had this study where we got people to just converse, talk to a stranger. One person was told to lie and respond to everything. The other person had no idea that was going on. At the end of that study, the diads that had a liar in them said like, I feel less connected to this other person than diads were both people were telling the truth. And so we also found that the more lies that people tell, they just self-report on how much they lie in their everyday life, the more lonely they feel. And so we're finding this kind of bi-directional effect. And I think often people lie to like spare the feelings of others. That's for the average person, not necessarily these traits here, but for the average person. Most of the lies that we tell our prosocial in nature like, I tell you a lie because

53:36I don't want to hurt your feelings. But we are finding that that actually creates this like social distance between us as opposed to bringing us closer together. And so I've been really interested in just kind of like the negative impacts of telling lies even when we do it for quote unquote good reasons. In that you talked about how when if we were both sat down and you were asked to lie to me, I would walk away feeling like I was less close, I slash connected to you. What is it in your in your behavior or in my perception that you think is causing this feeling of disconnection? We are finding that people who are lying are perceived as less warm, they're perceived as less competent, they're perceived as less moral. Also if we think about like some of the cues, the deception that we talked about earlier, when people give relatively few details about themselves, conversations are based on this

54:37reciprocal exchange, right? Like I tell you something about myself, you tell me something about yourself. And like we start to know each other, right? And so if you've got someone who's lying to you, they're giving you less information about themselves, for example. And so I don't feel like I know you at the end of our conversation. Even though I'm not like actively suspicious that you're lying to me about your likes and your interests and what you did on Friday afternoon, it comes across because you gave me less information. And maybe I think I he didn't really want to talk to me. I mean, I'm so fascinated by this, the fact that you have a lab that tests this stuff. What are some of the fascinating questions you've gone in search of answers for in your lab? One that I love is how much sympathy people feel for individuals who are lying or telling the truth about how sad they are. So like think back to the pleaders, right? That we talked about. If you look at this face, right, versus this face, like how much empathy do you have for

55:41that person? How sad do you feel? How willing are you to donate money to whatever cause they're looking for? So like we studied this with the pleaders that we talked about. So people who went on TV and asked for help trying to find their missing loved one, half of whom were actually responsible for killing that person. They pleaded to find. And we showed people again, they weren't aware that some of these folks were lying and some were telling the truth. But we showed them these videos and we said, how much sympathy do you feel for this person who's asking for help trying to find the missing individual? And how much money would you donate to a theoretical go fund me that would like help support the search for this missing person? And we find really consistently that people are more willing to donate money to the genuine pleaders relative to the deceptive ones and they feel more sympathy and compassion for them. Even though they're not, they don't know that some of these folks are actually deceptive

56:42murderers. And the effects are not gigantic, but it does suggest that we're not completely co-less moving through the world. But when we reduce it to a simple binary, is this person lying or telling the truth? We lose a lot of the nuance of how we move through our relationships. And I'm feeling kind of close to this person, closer to that person. I'm willing to help this person more than that person. So those are the kinds of things I've been interested in. One of the things I spoke to Vanessa Van Edwards on this podcast a few times. She does a lot of stuff around body language and how you show up and she talks about warmth and competence and how some people can over index on warmth. And maybe that brings them down on competence or they can over index on competence, but be less warm. Wanted to know if you had a perspective on this, like how, like, through your research and through all the studies you've done, can you be warm and competent at the same time or is there a bit of a trade off?

57:43And like, what, even you use the word warmth the second to go, what is it to be a warm person? Is it to be like, how? Is it like, you know, like, no, it's like, it is the sense that someone is kind and honest and trustworthy. It is your benevolent intentions toward another person. Right. So we trust people to the extent that they are both warm and competent in this, in the sense that like, I'm going to trust you if I think you have benevolent intentions to or me that I think you, you like, want to be kind to me. But also if I think you can actually execute on that thing, like, do you have the competence of the ability to actually, you know, do that thing, make that connection for me at work, right? It's like, if you are just warm, but like, you've got no, you don't have like the ability to back it up, then we tend to trust those individuals. So this warmth, high warmth, high competence tends to be associated with high trustworthiness.

58:45And does high warmth come with certain behaviors? Yeah. One is just smiling. Okay. Yeah. I contact, you know, it reminds me of the research by Alison Woodbrook. So I know has been here before as well. And you know, being engaged and interested in your conversation partner, right? These like, immediacy cues, like you're leaning in, you're paying attention. You are smiling, you're making eye contact. These things are associated with warmth. What about resting bitch face? I am occasionally guilty of this thing when I concentrate. So when we have very little information about a person, we're just trying to pick up on anything, right? In their body language, their nonverbal behavior to try to make an assessment of them. If we've just got like a quick look at your face and there's a bit of a scowl on it,

59:48that signals to us anger. And anger is not a very interesting, that's not a warm thing, right? And so that tends to decrease our perceived trustworthiness of people. Any other fascinating questions you've pursued in your lab? So I've been really interested in psychopathy as it relates to like leadership outcomes. So whenever I finished my PhD, I was trying to figure out what I was going to do next. And I was kind of bummed out thinking about murder all the time. And it was like, I really love these topics, but I got to go somewhere else and like think about this in a different context. It was shortly after like the Bernie made off, Ponzi scheme kind of fell apart. And I was like, oh, maybe like business school, like I could go to a different context and study these same like personality traits just in a different area. And I was also interested in like this notion of successful psychopathy. Because like since really early descriptions of psychopathy, there's been this suggestion

1:00:50that these traits can actually help you to succeed, right? And I often hear that from people where they're like, yeah, like that's terrible behavior but like, you know, sometimes that helps, right? And I'm like, what does it like, what does the data say on that? And so I work with Dacker Keltner and. Oh, Dacker's been here as well. Hezzy. Yeah. I love him. So wonderful. I love him. And so we studied, you know, the extent to which psychopathetic personality traits could increase the amount of influence you have in government and also the amount of money that you make as a hedge fund manager. Those were kind of the two cont, because I was like these hyper competitive contexts, right? Where maybe in government, you can kind of like backstab and backroom deals and whatever. They might be able, you might be able to get lots of co-sponsors on your bills if you're using kind of these backroom tactics. And then I thought with respect to money, maybe you're willing to take more risks, right? You're willing to cut people or companies down in public.

1:01:53You're not so worried about hurting other people. So I of course was like these are situations where people with high levels of psychopathy can shine. Dacker was like, no, it won't be. So we were kind of pitting these like good versus evil concepts against each other. And consistently we found that high levels of psychopathy was associated with less influence in government. It was also associated with making less money as a hedge fund manager. Whereas it's very like counter intuitive, I think, to people. What about some of these other ones like narcissism and macchiavellate? What about those ones? So it really depends on like how you define success. So there is some research to suggest that narcissism, macchiavellinism can be associated with kind of rising up in ranks, maybe having a higher salary level, but they're not associated with like teams doing great, right? And honestly, most of the research is on psychopathy.

1:02:57The work that I'm interested in is that people with high levels of psychopathy, they talk a really good game and they make people think that they're a great like tactical communicator. They're very strategic thinkers. But if you actually ask them like, how good are they at their job? They say they're a terrible manager. They tend to bully their subordinates. They create a huge amount of stress for other people on their team and their teams have worse outcomes because of it. So when you're talking about team performance, you're saying narcissists typically aren't good at leading teams over the long term? They tend to come across as like leadership material early on and there's this one study by Del Paul House, which shows this quite nicely. It's like they had these student groups and they worked together throughout the term. They were the first meeting. They all made judgments about each other, how likable they were, etc., etc. Whether they seemed confident and smart and agreeable, the people who were high in narcissism

1:03:59came across really well in that first interaction. Like they said they knew what they were doing. They came across very confident. They seemed like they could lead. They wanted to lead. But then as the course of the term went by, people were like, this person is actually really hostile and doesn't do their work and they're paying the butt. So certainly the thing that can make narcissism look good at the outset is our confusion of confidence and competence. So when someone says they can do something and they say it very confidently, we're like, oh, they got this, right? But that's not the same thing as actually being able to do it. So I wanted to play you something. This is a team number of us. Again, we're going to change the voice and everything. But I want to know in this voice note, which is a person supposedly applying for a job, if you spot anything that might be linked to some of these traits we're talking about. Is that OK?

1:05:00Yeah. I love being around people, working with people. I'm an extrovert. I trained as an actor from when I was a child. I was making plays, writing, connecting with people in that way. So being with around people is my number one thing. People connected with one mission. You know, used to be a player. Now it could hopefully be the mission of building this platform. A story is a story and I know what makes a story take from my actor training and writing comedy, writing plays, writing films and just writing. I'm now in my role. What I've learned is I can do process. I never thought, I thought, oh, I'm just a creative. I can't do data. I can't do process. And I really can. I absolutely love telling a story with data because when you tell a story, you can use data just like you can use words and that's something I get lost in. I use AI to do analytics. I'm also, you know, I have been a performer. I create. So I think in the future, I see melding those two worlds together, building my own thing.

1:06:05I want to be public facing, be a public speaker. I want to speak on wild stages. I'd love to speak at can lions. I'd love to win awards for, you know, I still want to keep being a creator, a creator than an artist. So that was a script we sent, had to read. Was there anything in there at all that was flagged with any of these personality traits? I think one would be, you know, just kind of talking about other creatives, not nailing, like putting other people down. So that would be, that would be one thing. I mean, she also does talk about herself a lot and being able to do all of, literally all of the things. I think those are like the biggest things that I noticed, you know, she comes across very calm. Like she just sound, she does not sound timid, I would say. But again, I think we need to recognize like if this is a job interview, that's kind of you're supposed to be talking about yourself, right? So you've got some like situational effects.

1:07:07So you wouldn't want to be like too quick to run to a kind of narcissism assessment there. But those are just little things. I think whenever, you know, I interact with someone or I see some of these little red flags coming up, just like talking about yourself a lot, putting other people down, they're like little red flags. I'm just going to, yeah, exactly. I'm just going to like store that back there and, you know, look for that pattern in the future. If there's a second interview, talk about teamwork. Tell me a time you worked on a team and they're constantly like putting the other team members down or taking credit for everything that that team did. Like you can start to ask kind of more pointed questions that might help you get at the extent to which their ego is quite inflated or whether they're just trying to like make a, you know, a positive person impression and share their skills with you in a short amount of time in an interview. Do you find in that message, the person said that they went to theater school, there's

1:08:13often like an assumption that people that are actors will have certain roles where they're on stage performing, have high levels of some of these things. Is there any truth to that at all? Not to my knowledge, although so I think where it would mostly intersect is like if you have any training and like this, Dennis Lovsky technique, which is like trying to experience an emotion like if I need to portray an emotion to you, I want to come across as genuinely sad in this scene or whatever. I might recall a time in which I genuinely felt sad to try to like bring that emotion up as opposed to like trying to fake it. I try to actually feel it. So that kind of training might help you to like, you know, mimic some emotions, but to, I don't know of any research that was suggested actors would be higher in these traits or not. Equally we have some cards here, which are people's dating profiles. Okay. And I'm wondering if you can spot any of these dark personality traits just by looking at

1:09:15dating profiles or any clues. Okay. That might be associated with it. All right. So this is Ryan. He's a chief of staff in Washington, DC professionally trained to argue my point. So yes, I'm probably going to win the debate about what to have for dinner. Okay. This feels like a red flag. Savvy, strategic and persuasive by trade. I mean, this feels very much like Machiavellianism, right? Kind of like controlling the situation, being kind of a smooth talker. Savvy, meaning like they're controlling you. They're maybe using information to get you to do what they want. Like right, we talked about that very kind of strategic social style where like they're not kind of impulsively behaving like someone with psychopathy. They're more like three, three, three dimensional guests, right, to get what they want. So that's quite a strategic behavior. Also, clock if I may exploring the city, enjoying great food, traveling and keeping life interesting,

1:10:17looking for someone who makes me laugh. So I think the words to me that are like might be used as like euphemisms essentially for some of the Machiavellian traits would be Savvy, strategic, persuasive. Like I can get anybody to do anything because I'm just going to manipulate them into doing it. Now, these could be red flags. You could be a perfectly nice guy. But these are things that I would like go into that conversation, thinking like, okay, does he seem very cynical of people? Is he quite power hungry? Is he willing to manipulate other people to his own ends and kind of step over other people for what he wants? What about that last line about makes me laugh? I found that to be quite in self-serving in a way because, you know, it's you're looking for something yourself there. But that's obviously can be true. We're looking for someone that can make us laugh. But whether you'd write that is, I don't know, just interesting. Potentially. All right. So this is Haley who is a lawyer.

1:11:17My friends call me Hurricane, but you can call me Haley, Equal Parts Chaos and Good Company. Chaos is immediately bringing up potential psychopathy because that's like that impulsivity. Like you kind of don't really know where she's at. In women in particular, psychopathy can be associated with like pretty volatile emotions and like connecting with like we seem really close one day and then I'm really angry at you the next day. I'll happily spend the weekend trying to try a new workout class or plotting a harmless prank on my friends. That's the sadism red flag. So someone who is, you know, maybe delighting in someone else getting hurt that could be concerning. Outspoken, tough enough to handle myself. Toughness is associated with psychopathy. Do you think you can handle me? What's up to you? Okay. David is a brain surgeon. Very impressive.

1:12:18So he's a surgeon by day, theater enthusiasts and cocktail appreciator by night. I'm confident enough to pick the restaurant self assured to admit when I'm wrong occasionally. And my friends would describe me as the life of the party. So this is giving like potential narcissism cues, right? So loves a lot of attention, life of the party confident enough to pick like you, he won't be wrong about picking the restaurant self assured enough to admit when I'm wrong occasionally he put in brackets. So you might not see a ton of that behavior. Don't worry. I'm sure I can find the time for you somewhere. Winky face. So you might not be a priority. But again, so I'm seeing narcissism vibes here. That's something I would pay attention to in our conversation would be like, does he ever ask anything about me? Or do we just talk about him and how fabulous and amazing his life is the whole time?

1:13:19So dating profiles are like an advertisement that you put out there. So this is not an entire person's personality. So we can gather more information over time, but some red flags there. This Chad, he's in law enforcement in Texas. He's barbecuing in the picture, which feels on brand. Looking for my wife who will join me for life. No debt and no kids. Don't worry, ladies, I'm house trained. When I'm off duty, I'm very independent. Y'all find me hunting outdoors, grilling, or challenging my buddies looking for someone genuine to share life's adventures with. Nice guy. Seems okay. Yeah. Yeah. Wonder what he's grilling. Yeah. Okay. If I was to go on a date with any of these people, Haley, Ryan, David, Chad from these dating cards that we just read out, what are the type of verbal and nonverbal, quick cues that I would be looking for, whether I was dating them or in a relationship with them to figure

1:14:21out if they had any of these dark personality traits? Again, these are kind of early warning signs that you can look for. Things like, do they interrupt you often, but refuse to tolerate it when you interrupt? Right? And so this is kind of an indication of that impulsivity as well as potential dominance over other people. They want to dominate you. And I mean, sometimes people get excited and they just want to like interject and share something. Here, what we're really interested in is it's a cue to impulsivity, but like refusing to tolerate it when you interrupt. That makes them quite angry. Do they consistently ignore personal or professional boundaries? So maybe you're at work or maybe you're on one of these dates, right? And you say, I'd really rather not talk about my family right now. And they continue to ask you about your family. And you're like, I really don't want to talk about that right now. Okay. Yeah, tell me about your brother and this terrible relationship you have with them. So kind of always pushing on boundaries, even when they're set explicitly.

1:15:21Do they seem weirdly calm? This is related to psychopathy and that kind of shallow emotional affect. Like they're not experiencing fear or sadness or concern for other people when you expect they would in a conversation. Do they seem to be an authority on every subject? This is a narcissism vibe, right? Like they know everything about everything and you don't know anything, right? So they need to be the authority. Do they offer impulsive off the cuff responses to your question? So they're not really thinking about things they're just saying, whatever comes to their mind immediately, a sign of potential impulsivity that's associated with psychopathy. Do they seem to come across as tough, combative or cruel, right? So psychopathy associated with aggression, wanting to dominate people, cruelty, of course, sadism. So Haley here, she said about throwing pranks. She's called herself tough and asked if we get handled her. So maybe that's links.

1:16:22Yep, exactly. This one's interesting. So do they make intense eye contact with you seeming to peer into your soul? One of the things that clinicians have noted with people with high levels of psychopathy is that they tend to make really intense eye contact. Hmm. Okay. Do they seem to lack emotions related to self-awareness, such as embarrassment or shame? These are the kind of broader self-conscious emotions, like remorse, like guilt that are associated with psychopathy and deficit in those. Do they spend a lot of time talking about themselves and show much less interest in you? That's our friend narcissism. And when others are struggling, do they find it enjoyable, annoying or boring? And that would be associated with sadism. This is something that I've made for you. I realized that the Diavisio audience are strivers, whether it's in business or health. We all have big goals that we want to accomplish. And one of the things I've learned is that when you aim at the big, big, big goal, it can

1:17:23feel incredibly psychologically uncomfortable because it's kind of like being stood at the foot of Mount Everest and looking upwards. The way to accomplish your goals is by breaking them down into tiny, small steps. And we call this an R team the 1%. And actually, this philosophy is highly responsible for much of our success here. So what we've done so that you at home can accomplish any big goal that you have is we've made these 1% diaries. And we released these last year and they all sold out. So I asked my team over and over again to bring the diaries back, but also to introduce some new colors and to make some minor tweaks to the diaries. So now we have a better range for you. So if you have a big goal in mind and you need a framework and a process and some motivation that I highly recommend you get one of these diaries before they all sell out once again. And you can get yours at the diary dot com. And if you want the link, the link is in the description below with two things in mind. The first thing is that these dark personality traits are very common relative to the impact

1:18:24that they can have on lives. I think they're extremely common. And the second thing is that according to a book and some of the research, people don't tend to change. So this leads me to the conclusion that we might have to figure out how to deal with these people because if we work in a company or a team or even if we work in a family, if I look at some of those stats around anti social personality behaviors, it would suggest roughly one in five people are going to be anti social in some way. So we can't just hope to avoid them in our lives. No, I mean, everyone's got a story, I think. And I think people feel relatively powerless. Like because the approaches that we tend to take with other people when they hurt us don't work very well for these individuals. Like when someone hurts us, we might be like, we show them, we tell them that really hurt me. And then they feel guilt and they might apologize, right? Or we might punish them in some way. And then that leads them to avoid that behavior in the future. These are precisely things that people would psych up at the, for example, like doesn't

1:19:25really work, right? And so we're left being like, how do I deal with this? Like my tools are not working. But I think what's really kind of powerful to know is that there are things that you can do. So we've got seven rules for dealing with people with dark personalities. So the first one is to establish clear boundaries. And I want to kind of preface this by saying like setting out the rules is not like a guarantee that they won't be broken, right? We've talked about with respect to psychopathy that they tend to break the rules. Like a defining feature of that personality. But research suggests that establishing clear rules, making them explicit, decreases the likelihood of kind of selfish behavior, for example, compared to if there's no rules whatsoever, right? Okay. So sometimes like, you know, in my workplace, we have a respectful workplace policy, which when I read it was like, why do people need, or is it like, why do people need to be

1:20:25reminded of this? This seems so obvious, right? But there's really good reasons to have a respectful workplace policy. One is that it makes very explicit how we expect people to be treated here. That is going to decrease the likelihood of people, even with, you know, kind of moderate levels of these traits, let's say, will violate those rules. And more than that, if they do violate the rules, you've got, you've got something written down that's like, you're not supposed to do this. Otherwise, it's very hard to kind of do anything about it, right? In a relationship, you can make this really clear, like, what's okay? What's not okay in this relationship? And you've got to tell the other person that it can't just be in your head, right? So you've got to make these rules explicit. And it can also help to like, read in a buddy. Like if you've got a friend and you're like, okay, these are the things that I want out of a relationship partner. These are like no goes. These are behaviors that cross the red line. Having, you know, a friend that knows what those are hard, they can tell you when your

1:21:26boundaries are slipping can be really useful. I was thinking of one particular context that I know, and I'll keep it anonymous as well, where there's five people that I know. It is a family that I know of, and they have five kids. And one of the family members was telling me that they are the only one that has maintained a boundary against one of the older parents who's going to track record of like some of these dark personality traits. And she was telling me that because she has always maintained a boundary against the father who is the person that has dark personality traits. The father has almost left her alone and has gone for the other four siblings, you know say, and that the other four siblings are suffering because they don't have an established boundary. Whereas what I'm saying here is it's interesting that someone who has a boundary seems to be preyed on less by the narcissist or person with Maccatherian personality than those that haven't established one. And if that is true, then what is it about? The psychopathical and narcissistic person that is choosing easier targets or band-realist

1:22:29targets? Is that does that hold as truth or is that just anecdotal? So we do know from research that this is mostly in workplaces, that workplaces that have kind of codes of fairness, people with high levels of these traits are less likely to, you know, keep a bunch of the bonus money for themselves instead of share it among their team fairly. So there's evidence of like having rules in place increases the likelihood that they will follow those rules relative to like a no-holds bar kind of situation. There's also research on, you know, how people with high levels of psychopathic traits kind of choose who to prey upon essentially. And individuals who are not very assertive tend to be more likely to, you know, kind of, it's almost like they're like picking, you know, the weakest of the herd or something like that. So having a certain, a certain some boundaries can help to, you know, not have that target

1:23:31on your back. I was thinking about a guest that interviewed on this podcast that was telling me she had gone through domestic violence and she was telling me about like the love bombing process as to how this individual had like broken down her boundaries and her confidence over time and then had isolated her from her friends and family wouldn't allow her to call her mum. We give her a script when her mum called and those kinds of things. And one of the remarkable things I observed is how over time they'd sort of broken down their confidence in order to be able to seemingly control them. Is this a common practice? Yeah, in a, in a domestic violence situation. You know, it kind of reminds me of the kind of emerging research on gaslighting where someone would, you know, make, make their partner kind of dealt their sense of reality, kind of, you know, correcting them all the time. Like what you're being too sensitive, you don't see the truth around you. And I think what's kind of so insidious about that is that it makes you dependent on that

1:24:38other person and then the isolation can really decrease your ability to kind of like get out of it because you don't have someone else who can, you know, check your sense of reality that you really are seeing and feeling and remembering things that really did happen even though they're telling you that it didn't. What is gaslighting? Because we, we throw around the term all the time. The minute someone lies, we say you're gaslighting me. Yeah. So it's a pattern of denying someone's version of reality. So you might tell people that, you know, they shouldn't be feeling the way that they're feeling. Things didn't happen like they are remembering they happened that they can't trust their own, you know, sense of, you know, perception of reality. And so it can be incredibly kind of destabilizing and isolating. And what is worrisome about that is that we really need other people to help us see reality. And so if we're only seeing it through like their lens of we can't be trusted.

1:25:42Our own eyes, our own memory can't be trusted. We start to depend on their perception, which is essentially a control tactic. And research does suggest that people with high levels of these traits endorse these facts. They don't see anything wrong with doing that to the romantic partner, which would probably follow that they would be more likely to engage in it. A lot of romantic arguments would sound like gaslighting, I think, within that definition of like, you know, let's go back to the cheating example we said last Friday, I was doing something dodgy. You suspect I'm lying. So you say to me, no, you weren't Steven. You weren't at the Office to 3 AM. And I was, I was at the office. You don't know what you're talking about. Leanne, you weren't there. You're making this up in your head. Yeah. Who was gaslighting who there? Because you said you denied my reality. And now I'm denying your reality. Wait, but were you actually at the office? Does it matter? Like, do you know what I'm trying to figure out if the Bay, which one of us was gaslighting behavior there? Yeah.

1:26:42I think it would be like, if I say like, you know, I feel insecure, I feel threatened by like whatever you were doing on Friday. And you're like, no, you don't, you don't. Like, or you shouldn't feel that way. There's no reason for you to feel that way. You're blowing things out of proportion. It's essentially like denying someone's actual, my experience is that I feel threatened. And so it's like, even if I might be wrong about that, that is my experience. So I could deny the facts theoretically. I could say, no, at 2 AM, I was falling asleep on my desk. I could maybe argue with the facts, but it's when you start arguing with someone else's perception of reality of their insubjective experience. That's when you strengthen this gaslighting. In the example I gave earlier from my guest, that's exactly what happened to her. What he started to do is he started hiding her stuff in places. So he'd put her car keys in the fridge to make her feel like she'd gone crazy. Yeah, yeah. Which is fucking crazy. It's actually bonkers. Wild. Okay, that makes sense.

1:27:43So that was establishing cochlear boundaries. Really, what I was getting at is, do they try and erode those boundaries? What do they leave you alone? So they're likely to try to push on them, but less so than if you have no boundaries at all. Yep. So the next one is, don't give them power over others. We've talked about all of these different traits and that they, you know, macchi-villainism is actually kind of named after the pursuit of power. Psychopathy is associated with domineering people. Narcissism is more better than you. I'm a born leader. All of these are kind of related to power. People with these traits tend to be very interested in having power over other people. We know from research that this does not tend to go well for those individuals who are working underneath them. So at work, for example, we know that people who are working under a boss with more psychopathic traits report being more stressed out. They also tend to be more likely to bring that stress home and that creates more family conflict. So it kind of spreads. It doesn't stay where it is.

1:28:43They tend to create division within teams. They also tend to increase the likelihood of turnover intentions. So, you know, if you're working for a boss with these traits, you're like, I got to get the hell out of here. So you're, you're turning through staff, right? So giving them power over others is not a great way to, to kind of, yeah, to deal with them. So you don't want to give them power over others even when they want it. But there's other things that you can give them that they do want. And this is essentially like negotiating 101, right? So like you can look for win-wins when you're negotiating with them, recognizing that what they consider motivation to get to this win-win might not be what you consider to be motivation to get to this win-win. So imagine that like you've got this, this employee who is bullying his subordinates and you're like, you really need to treat your team better because they are so stressed out

1:29:46and they, you know, are going home from work and they're crying to their spouses and, you know, they're bringing it home and they're getting sick because of this. You're trying to make them feel compassion for other people to get them to behave better toward their team. That's not motivating to them, right? It might be motivating to other people, but people who with high levels of these traits, right, were callous, not concerned about other people. However, that doesn't mean that they can't do something kind or helpful, right? They might just do it for a different reason. So if you know that the team is suffering under this person's current like bullying management style, you could say, you know, you've got this, you know, sales bonus that's coming up, but your team is so stressed out that you're not going to meet that target and you're not getting to get your, your bonus, right? You need to treat your, your team differently. Money, they like money, they like power, they like status.

1:30:46And so it's not that they can't behave better. It's that they might do it for a different reason. Yeah. So trying to understand what motivates them and trying to figure out how you can use that. The next one is use the carrot, not the stick. So we've talked about this a little bit where people, particularly with high levels of psychopathy, very reward sensitive, but not very punishment sensitive. So you can try to punish them, but literally their brains don't process punishment in the same way. They don't develop that kind of link between if I do this behavior, then fear of punishment again. So like they're more likely to repeat it than people with low levels of these traits. So punishment, you know, there's a place for it, I suppose, but it's like it's not going to be as effective with these personalities in particular. And I think what's terrible, what we are losing a huge opportunity on is that we don't use the carrot instead when the carrot is so powerful. So sometimes people are like, they're a bad person.

1:31:46I'm not going to reward anything that they do. Like I'm not going to give them any kind of positive feedback because I think they're terrible, right? But if they do something kind or honest or helpful, oh my God, reward them, reward them not with power over others, but maybe with like a bonus at work, with like a job title, because they really care about status, that's a reward that they will really like. And you are going to increase the likelihood that you get more of that behavior in the future. I think there'll be some people listening right now that are thinking, shouldn't you just fire these people? Shouldn't you get all of these people out of your life if they've got sadism, narcissism, acchiavellianism, psychopathy. Psychopathy, yeah. Psychopathy. Shouldn't you just throw them out your life? Yeah, I think given that there are, you know, a reasonably sized minority of the population has some elevated level of these traits. You're going to be chucking a lot of people, right?

1:32:46And they also might genuinely have some like really useful skills that just, you know, you want in your company, you just need to learn how to manage these, this personality traits. And so I think even if, you know, you have kind of a low tolerance for these personality traits, you're not going to be able to completely avoid them at all times. It might not be your decision to chuck them out of the company. Oh, I'm just sibling or something. Yeah, exactly. It might be a person that you like, you want to have a relationship with them, even if that relationship is not perfect. You know, maybe it's a brother-in-law, right? And you're like, he's such a pain in the ass, but I see him like twice a year. And I don't want to cut him out because that means I don't get to see my sister anymore. And I love my sister and I want to support my sister. And so I think there's just like the, you know, stay or go question is just so complicated and there's so many reasons why you might not be able to do that. And so we need to learn the skills to manage interactions with these people as well. Next one is emphasize your common identity.

1:33:49People with high levels of narcissism are not particularly interested in like being fair to you or like, you know, being kind to you, but they are interested in loyalty. There's these studies that are really fascinating where they just tell people like, oh, you guys have the same birthday or you have the same fingerprint type, which I don't even think is a thing. Is that a thing? Anyway. If you have some sort of commonality, then people are people with high levels of narcissism, get less angry when you give them negative feedback. If they think you've got something in common with them. So if you start your conversation with, you know, maybe that, that uncle at Thanksgiving who's like always combative and talks about himself all the time and you're like, oh, you know, we went to the same university. We root for the same football team. Whatever it is, you start with what you have in common. You're like, okay, we are one. Right. And then if you need to say, you know what, you really need to pick up your game and help them with the care of grandma, then you might be more willing to listen to that

1:34:53as opposed to just like getting negative feedback, you know, people with high levels of narcissism don't like that. So emphasizing your common identity can help to tamp that down. I'd say he would tell you, Cheryl, who's this neuroscientist and you should look to the subject of disagreement quite extensively and she'd put people in these brain scanners and basically got them to disagree with each other at some point and looked at what happened in their brain and what she told me she observed is essentially, and I'm, you know, I'm generalising while they hear, so please do fact check me on the screen. She basically observed that the brain changed when someone disagreed with you. And I was on a phone call the other day with about 10 different people from a company we're doing a deal with. And I just observed that one person would often open up their rebuttal when they felt had a difference of opinion with the phrase, I completely disagree. And then they would make their point. And so funnily enough, I got straight off the call, even though I'd written about this previously, I got straight off the call and like did a bit of research as to whether I,

1:35:57I just find that to be quite ineffective behaviour or if there's research around it. And what I found is it says, yes, there is extensive research across social psychology and behavioural economics and linguistics showing that opening a counter argument or a rebuttal with explicit adversarial phrasing like I disagree actively will hinder your ability to persuade somebody. When you start a rebuttal with I disagree, several psychological mechanisms trigger in the other person's brain. And it goes into the detail about what goes on in their brain. I just, it seems so somewhat linked to what you're saying there about like how you keep the other person receptive. Totally. Okay, so this reminds me of another study on I think it's like really domineering bosses. If you need to give them negative feedback, like I don't know, say you hate the way that we're running this particular process. These three forms should be one form. Like why are we spending so much, this is like, you know, the bane of office existence. If you say this is so stupid, you need to change the way that we're doing, you know,

1:37:02we kind of come in hot, particularly people with high levels of narcissistic traits are like we don't like this kind of, you know, ego threat, your threat, you're criticizing me, you're giving me negative feedback. I'm just like shutting it down, right? I'm not, I don't even hear what you're saying. Whereas if you phrase it as a question, like what do you think if we turn these three forms into one form, phrasing it as a question just kind of like makes it softer and makes them more willing to just hear it. Like maybe you ultimately won't get to that one form, but you'll at least get a little bit further in that conversation. I think that's true for, you know, it's true for everybody, but especially when it comes to people who are really domineering, which these personalities tend to be. Okay. So like you kind of co-create the solution released, you know, okay, interesting. Yeah. Okay. Become a detective and notice their cues. So we know that they tend to lie a lot, being manipulative, telling lies is kind of part

1:38:02of their MO. That's what all these traits share. And so being able to identify, know what those cues to deception are, know that we're not looking for gaze aversion, we're not looking for fidgeting, we're looking for those lack of verifiable details, we're looking for relatively few details, we're looking for signs of cognitive strain and maybe like following up, right? If we start to see some of those red flags. And finally, avoid face-to-face negotiations. So this is like a really simple move that can be really helpful. So some research out of same university as me, University of British Columbia, had people with various levels of these dark traits, engaging in negotiation. It was just over like the price of concert tickets. But what they found is that whenever those negotiations occurred face-to-face, the person with the high level of psychopathic traits or any of these dark traits, they got a really good deal. Like they were able to command a whole bunch of money for these concert tickets, whereas

1:39:05if they engage in this negotiation over text, that wasn't the case. So if you need to negotiate with someone, these dark traits can be like really domineering, really superficially charming sometimes in person. And then you can kind of let your guard down and they're going to take advantage of you. If you reduce them to words on the page, they lose some of that charisma, right? But there's also other practical reasons. You've got a written version of what was agreed upon. You can't gaslight me until I'm misremembering what we agreed upon later. I've got a written version here. I've got some time to think about how I want to respond. Yeah, exactly. And if violence is a concern, say you're talking about, this is a domestic violence situation, you've got to get out of the house, you've got to maybe negotiate some sort of settlement in a divorce or something.

1:40:07Like, being face-to-face can be dangerous, right? It literally puts some physical distance between yourself and that other person if violence is a concern. So there's all kinds of potential upsides to like, if you go negotiate like pop it into text, put it into the chat as opposed to sitting down face-to-face. I was thinking about all the things that are linked to just having a bit more time, but also like the medium of text. And one of the things that came to mind is if someone does have those dark personality traits, they are probably more cautious about what they say if it's permanent and it's written. So like, if I was sending you an e, I might say something to you in person, but if I, what I write that same thing on an email. And the other one is in written form, you, as the person that's receiving the, being on the receiving end, you have time to show other people and get another perspective, even if it's like putting into AI or asking Google or checking if the facts are right or asking you like husband or partner, if this is appropriate behavior.

1:41:08Totally. And like, involving other people can be so helpful. So research suggests that whenever we discuss with other people before making a truth-ly judgment about someone else's statements, we tend to be more accurate. Whenever we're making judgments about someone's personality, if we're talking as a group, we tend to be more accurate. Another study that Dacker Keltner did, he talked to a bunch of girls in a sorority and asked them who gets talked about the most, like in gossip and also had people write their personality. It was the Machiavellian, the more Machiavellian girls who were talked about the most. Talked about positively or negatively. Negatively. Yeah. And so, you know, people sometimes hear about like whisper networks too, like stay away from that guy at work or whatever. So I would, you know, caution just believing everything you hear in the rumor mill, but sometimes people, you know, spread information about this as my experience with this person.

1:42:10And we can learn from other people's experience before having to go through it ourselves if we pay attention. And you've got three final cards down there, which I think are. These are three common mistakes people make when dealing with dark personalities. So the first one is, it's just believing there's nothing you can do. So, you know, we've talked about how some of our go-to responses when people heard us, like trying to make them feel badly, trying to make them apologize to us, like trying to punish them don't work so well. But we've also talked about all of the things you can do, right? So we don't need to feel completely helpless. Another is assuming they have the same inner experience as you. You know, when we're trying to figure out what motivates people, again, we talked about this with respect to negotiation, right? Like what motivates you to do a thing might not be the same thing that motivates me to do a thing. I need to try to get into their head, figure out what their goals are, what would be motivating

1:43:12to change their behavior in this situation and try to, you know, frame our interaction in that way, try to convince them to change your behavior for that reason, not because I think they should or not because I would feel guilty if I did what they did, right? But lastly, you know, is thinking you can change them. So if your ultimate goal is like, I'm going to stick around and they're going to be kind and honest and they're going to be super conscientious and helpful all the time and never going to break any rules. Like, I think we also need to be kind of clearied about the likelihood of that happening. And so instead we need to kind of deploy some of these strategies for making our day-to-day interactions a little more positive as opposed to just hoping that someday they're going to wake up, you know, with a different personality. What is the most important thing we haven't talked about that we should have talked about as it relates to your work and again, zooming in on the people that are listening that might benefit them in their lives?

1:44:12I think it's like a matter of numbers. So we've talked about the 10% of people would generally agree with items that we use to measure these traits. That means that 90% of people would generally not agree, right? So I want people to keep into perspective that like 90% of people are good and kind and honest and not breaking the rules. We've got this 10%. That's not to say that 10% is causing little harm. In fact, they're causing hugely outsized harm, right? So like what's respect to psychopathy, that's about 1% of the population. They have clinical levels of it. Offenders with clinical levels of psychopathy account for about 50% of all serious crime. So these people are like doing incredibly outsized harm and we also feel that in our lives too, right? Not necessarily in criminal rap sheets maybe, but we've got like one person who's like constantly making things hard because of these traits.

1:45:15They're causing strife at work. They're abusing people at home. And so if we can learn to mitigate the damage from just this small, relatively small group of people, then we can dramatically improve our lives, our workplaces, our interactions day to day. We have a closing tradition on this podcast where the last guest leaves a question for the next guest, not knowing who they're leaving it for. Okay. The question that's been left for you is somewhat relevant. I like that you got this one. Is what is one great lie we've all been told? I think one great lie we've all been told is that to be successful, you have to be in it for number one. And you need to, you know, exemplify some of these traits in order to get that promotion, to get that raise to run that company that's worth millions of dollars. And you know, even I went searching for evidence for that to show that people with high levels

1:46:20of psychopathy could use their kind of callous, cunning, you know, fearlessness in order to make more money as head-to-managers. And I found the opposite. And so I think even in those areas where we think these traits lead to success, they fall short and really taking other people with us and thinking about success as, you know, prestige and like respect from other people, caring concern about us from other people is a much true version of success. Leanne, thank you so much. Thank you for writing a book that is incredibly illuminating and in a way that is research-based while also being just unbelievably engaging. And I think these subjects are so pertinent to everybody listening and I know that they're going to love this conversation because much like you were when you started your career, we're all just trying to figure out the ultimate barrier and opportunity that all sits in front of us and that's just other people. And again, as you said on one of the cards, but you articulated really nicely earlier on,

1:47:23we kind of go through the world thinking that everyone else's internal experiences are mirrovers. Yeah. It's very easy to get frustrated or to feel like you're the problem or you're inadequate if that's the lens that you take to life and I think through your research. You do exactly what you said, which is in a weird way, you do make us more empathetic and maybe more optimistic and less cynical about the nature of human experience. And so this is a wonderful, wonderful book for anyone that wants more information. I'm going to link it below. Poisonous people, how to resist them and improve your life, but also it might be good opportunity to buy this book for someone else who you know is dealing with a slightly poisonous person. Where do people go to support your work and to find more from you? They can find a book, wherever books are sold. They can also find me on Instagram at Leanne Tenbrink on all the socials TikTok on YouTube. And I post little things about studies and findings that I think are interesting and hopefully they'll find it interesting too. Thank you so much. Thank you, Stephen. This has been so wonderful.