Joe Rogan Experience _919 - Neil deGrasse Tyson

0:00four three two and boom that's a nice hat I've told you already but live I gotta tell you that was a nice it's it's very kind of Indiana Jones but it's not quite that and not quite cowboy yeah it's yeah yeah you're like in the middle of that yeah yeah yeah it's the way you're dancing on the edge well I have a really fat head and so there's his website called like bigheads dot com there's a website for a total website for a fat head and a friend bird christie or a hat then I put his hat on I couldn't believe how big his head why this like there's like an inch gap all around my head yeah I thought I had a big head yeah so if you know your head your head size do you know your head size no I do not so uh so it turns out if you know your head size that that number comes from somewhere okay tell you what it is sure so if you measure there's a conference of your head just get a tape measure like you're measuring your waistline but do it around your head and take that number divided by pie then that's your hat size whoa yeah just seems complicated

1:03divide by two you know your waist is what your waist is what it is right just why to just be the circumference right so what it turns out to be so what that means is if you're dividing by pie you're getting the the diameter of the circle that has the same dimension as as the circumference of your head so if you have an oblong head then what it's doing is finding out what the circle is the diameter of the circle that has that same circumference as your head oh okay that's what that's doing for what I for what I don't whether that helps the hat the hat maker so immediately I start thinking about Dan Acroid and Siren at Live as a cone head oh right remember well then you need a tall hat for that too yeah you got it there's an issue yeah so do it I mean you still do a stand-up that's great yeah and I caught you a few months ago you were MCing some MMA was it what was well I'm always doing that yeah oh yeah oh catch some of it then I think it's gonna stay in shape because I'm I'm a I'm a fat slaw right well you are ripped back in the

2:07game the dish I'll picture you and you are wrestling and I was like oh Neil you look I had some street cred back then do you exercise at all now I try it's not that I don't have the energy too it's it's trying to find the time you back in the day looking you shredding how much way back then oh I was oh go on 176 no no no I'm six two so I'm 190 pounds in that oh exactly 100 I have big thighs and stuff um other wrestlers would have skinnier thighs and things so I was also taller than anyone I wrestled so since we're the same height it meant they had bigger muscles actually so uh because we're the same weight right but I'm sorry did I say that right I'm taller right but with the same weight so that means they have bigger muscles right because none of us have fat right so I had to do things that my lankiness would enable me to do and to accomplish that they couldn't so I've long reached you know this sort of that's scooping ankle that kind of thing this great advantages to having long limbs and in martial arts especially in wrestling grappling because of leverage yeah also if you're quick and with long limbs and I was both but if they got me in

3:12their grip it was hard for me to get out so what kind of exercise do you do these days no that's no nothing nothing no I'm trying like you know I guess yeah I'm trying I'm trying I'm trying out when I'm in I'm good but I've just got so much going on yeah I have to like make the time and so that's a problem right when you become a little bit yeah I can access for your own good I see some food there's a lot of food documentaries you know trying to get you to eat differently so I thought I'd watch them all I binged on them one weekend while I was doing other stuff and I got hungry no one of it one of the guys he was trying to lose a hundred pounds or something so every 15 pounds he lost he put a bowling ball up on the counter and said that is what I'm not carrying around with me whoa because the bowling balls are about 15 pounds and I said wow he's measuring the weight and bowling balls that's something because we say I'm three pounds less and two pounds that that doesn't hit you emotionally the way a bowling ball does yeah after you've lost 15 pounds because no one wants to be carrying that around so psychologically I thought that was quite potent

4:14that is potent I think we do need so I usually use like plates I think of weight plates or dumbbells yeah that works too yeah yeah yeah I sort of do an intermittent fasting pretty recently where I only allow myself to eat 10 hours in a day oh wow that's it that's out of the 24 hour day yes so I was I had a Terry Cruz on my radio show on start talk that boy is my boy's ripped okay yeah he looks great I always he's still and he's like 47 or something I mean he's he's so he doesn't eat until 12 noon oh yeah he doesn't eat till after 10 o'clock that's right yeah 10 hours then he doesn't eat after 10 right it's a 10 hour thing and so he has to he's watching everyone else have brunch and breakfast and so he's got to overcome that but so it's a little bit of fasting yeah each day just just just to keep the the discipline I think it's at the end of day it's really just discipline well such as that it also forces your body to burn fat instead of carbohydrates and when it forces your body to burn fat that's the ketosis is actually easier to maintain because you

5:14don't you don't get hungry yeah then you know there's no roller coaster yeah yeah the crash the the carbohydrate crash that you get right right right is that outside of the realm of possibility for you no I can totally I'm a ketosis guy anything involved in science it's in there baby it's in there I once got raked over the cold not by everyone but I tweeted once I said if there's a diet book written by a physicist it would contain one sentence consume calories at a lesser rate than at a greater rate no consume calories at a lesser rate than you burn them that is sort of true that's the one sentence diet book yeah no it's more complicated than that and everybody just try to get all no it's this is that and then and one of the great things of physics when you when you do physics is all the details are just cut off the it's window dressing and you get down to the window itself and that's what the analysis works on I have rarely seen you attacked but I did see you

6:16attacked when you were celebrating uh psoriasic Newton's birthday oh I was like that people were so mad people lost their mind they lost their mind when you were by the way incorrect in the date of Jesus's birthday that is not the date of Jesus did not was not born on the 25th right I mean it's just plus I didn't even mention all so what I said was by the way that to this day is my highest retweeted tweet I tweeted it every tweeted it so you remember it's actually a couple of years ago yeah so it was so on on December 25th comes there it is oh you get you got you got a little more new but age 30 transform the world happy birthday so on this day long ago a child was born who by age 30 would transform the world happy birthday Isaac Newton born December 25th 1642 79 000 retweeted 86 000 like people just lost their mind so mad they were angry and I thought well interesting because I'm just speaking the truth here yes he transformed civilization by

7:21actually he did it by the time he was 26 um so yes it's provocative because you're expecting that Jesus is going to end that right I'm thought I'd share some actual truth with people and so some people celebrated it deeply religious people uh one had a headline saying uh Neil deGrasseis is trolling Christians on Christmas day and I said I said Newton at least has the benefit of actually having been born that day then later on it's it's actually more subtle than that with Newton because he was on the Julian calendar which was which is 10 days shifted from the Gregorian calendar so if you ask what would his birthday be today it would be January 4th not December 25th so yeah but when he was born his mother was celebrating Christmas so that's really what matters for that tweet well it's such a bizarre thing anyway because if you're a real Christian you would understand that the birthday was shifted in order to comply with pagan religions exactly it landed I don't know how many people know that actually I mean you're a well-read guy but so if you give me a minute to

8:24just explain that so December 21st we know is the first day of winter shortest day of the year and what makes it short shortest daylight of the year and what makes it short the arc of the sun across the sky is very low the sun doesn't get very high and it doesn't stay up for very long and it's been coming a lower and lower arc every day on route to December 21st the ancient peoples were worried about this because everyone worshiped the sun because it made your crops come and it gave you warmth and you say wow if this keeps going lower and lower in the sky we're going to lose the sun entirely December 21st the sun slows down and it stops this load this drop in its movement across the sky from day to day so that stopping of the sun is solstice that Latin the stationary sun like armistice stationary arms right from the end of the First World War uh what in November 11th that was armistice solstice so so the movement of the sun lower in the sky

9:25stops but that doesn't mean it's going to come back it takes a few days for it's to to slow down stop and then reverse he's oh it is coming back let's celebrate that and that's a few days after December 21st it's about December 25th of pagan holiday celebrating the return of the sun Christianity is trying to take foothold where there were where pagans once roamed and you you put celebrations that match theirs just so that the shift is not as hard for you and the unknown birthday of Jesus was then assigned this pagan day of celebration to make that transition easier for the pagans to become Christians and sure enough it remained Christmas day and isn't it speculated the birth of Jesus the speculated birthday of Jesus is like the spring the spring there's some there's some passages uh of course in the New Testament that reference with the sheep we're doing plus there's a census being taken by the Romans you know which is what and and Mary goes to the manger the animals are not in the manger not so there's secondary evidence for

10:28that's probably happened in the spring now with with the advent of commercial space travel seems seems inevitable right love you love your segues don't don't do you think that it's possible that maybe you could even offer up a flat earth believer tour where you you take them like at the very least take them up to Alaska where it's light so 23 hours a day calling into you is this tweeting me constantly tweeting me constantly yeah call me a sell out I'm a sell out I'm a round earth sell out like as if there's some round earth money wow yeah like you're on the payroll again some check I'm getting some round earth check to keep the balance round earth payola for your show I'm sure you see in the basketball player who graduated from Duke from Duke that was hitting the news last couple of days I saw that he believes that dinosaurs are fake and that the world is flat okay so here's the thing Joe okay here I thought about this I bet you have as an educator I thought about this

11:31okay so here's here's what matters all right we live in a free country people should be able to think whatever they want whenever they want provided it doesn't subtract away from someone else's rights okay so thinking the earth is flat doesn't harm anyone unless you want to run for office or you want some position of power over other people that's when it's dangerous I think of elevator banks where they have numbers you know I have a photo essay of what what elevators look like inside I know it's just I mean the gears no no no no no no no no not even that geeky just what are the numbers on the panel oh without the 13 you mean yeah yeah exactly so about 80% of buildings taller than 12 stories don't have a 13th floor okay and so this tricks a deck of phobia yeah is again in a free country if

12:31you if you want to be afraid of the number 13 go right ahead it just seems to me you should not be tasked with designing elevators if that's your fear find something else to do holding aside the fact that I'm a little scared that in this 21st century United States of America we have people walking among us afraid of the number 13 what does that mean I don't know in the long run but if you keep to yourself don't harm others think whatever you want so that the rubber hits the road is you now have power over others and that's where the failure of the educational system actually manifests well that's a society's and cultures collapse right but it's not that they don't know that there's a 13th floor and that you're just calling it the 4th floor I want to take my sharpie cross out the 4th is that's the 13th floor you're not fooling anybody now when you see it on an elevator and you're like you see no 13 and plus they they try to fake you out how do I do that so they go 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

13:3310 11 12 and then you have to go to the next road to begin to for the 14 so you don't see 12 right next to 14 and that some other some modern buildings will put their their their their their heavy machinery like the HVAC on the 13th floor so that there's no residency there right but they could still say it's the 13th floor and then there's a 14th floor yeah yeah does anybody ever have a dummy 13th button or you press it it never lights up like I don't get it I can't get in all that's interesting that's what I would do oh you just put it there to satisfy me yeah nobody lives there exactly what that's too clever oh this is one of the 20% of people that make sense this is what a great building meanwhile there is no 13th floor it's just a dummy button that's got to be remember that twilight zone episode with the mannequins they went up to the 11th floor but there is no 11th floor and the mannequins come to life at night ooh I forgot about that they leave the store floors and they all go up to 11 then have a cocktail party and they vote which one of them is going to go out and become human for a day a twilight zone was so good I think it was the best

14:34television there ever was like still to this day ever to use up so many great premises great premises great actors great cinematography and it was in black and white so shadows were completely dark yeah because you shadows don't have much meaning when you film in color because everything is just there but in black and white yeah shadows create mood yeah and yeah so I watched to serve man the other guy oh oh I hadn't seen it all too fair man I had it I had it on the DVR on my clutches and then had that big guy who played lurch on yes on the Adams family yeah that was a great one because it was just like it had all the elements of people going well you know they seem nice they seem nice yeah yeah and they saw the all of our war in our time it yeah god it was great another good one was the the invaders to remember this one new this was a this was a one woman performance and I forgot who was it was it not Agnes Moran one of these women of that era it'll

15:36come to me in a minute and she's living alone in a farmhouse no electricity she's got a farm she's alone and some alien spacecraft lands on a roof and it's got these devices it's got these saws and blazers cutting through things and she's freaking out she's got the pan in the pots and the rolling pin and and she then she get the good the shotgun and she's attacking this thing is and and you don't know what it is and it's got lights and a thing and it's this tiny little thing it's like three inches across right and it turns out that's the thing that's attacking her and then she finally like comes that's it see the little robot okay and and and said did she say and then I got to give it away this shows 40 years all I can give the punch line okay so she actually successfully damages the thing and then that you zoom in on it right and then you hear a radio transmission from the aliens that are inside and it says um yeah hello hello uh

16:39Houston there's a giant who's trying to attack us we need help send back up oh this it was great like whoa we were the invaders that was us landing on her home on some other planet or some parallel earth from some other dimension it's just a small we are we no no no no no okay I get it so she's it's another planet she's the she's the giant right they're saying there's a giant attacking us right but the whole show you have her point of view the aliens the aliens are trying to hurt her when they're just it was our space probe just trying to explore its environment but isn't it possible that it's like another dimension it's us in another dimension and they are landing on earth accepted it um no no I mean they were they were speaking English but couldn't they just parallel evolution well isn't that the the the definition of infinity that's somewhere some if if there is really an infinity there's not only a you and an I but there's a you and an I and

17:43everybody else we've ever met and all the exact events and the exact same order of gone down an infinite number of times including this conversation okay except except um there is uh I don't know how many people know this but often it's mind blowing when you learn that some infinities are bigger than others Joe Rogan just lean two feet away from the microphone the not all infinities are the same size but if it's infinity then it's infinity it's infinity what is now okay don't you remember when you were a kid I said what's the biggest number you know a million oh there's a million and one okay how about a billion oh there's a billion and one there's a annoying kid who has added one two okay how about infinity well infinity and one okay well turns out if any and one and if any are the same number okay so here's the so so for example the number of of counting numbers so one two three up to infinity okay right the numbers you would use to count things that's infinite the number of irrational numbers so the numbers

18:49that you cannot represent as a fraction okay that there's more there more of those than there are counting numbers whoa by far so these are orders of infinity then there are more there are more transcendental numbers then there are irrational numbers what's a transcendental number so that's a number that you'll never find as a solution to to an algebraic equation so pi is a transcendental number e is a transcendental these are these are magic numbers that show up in mathematics and there's turns out there's like an even bigger infinity of those than there is of these other two classes of numbers and they use the the the Hebrew letter alf in in in ranking so is alf one alf two alf three I think they're five levels of infinity so my point is just because there's infinite universes to me

19:49doesn't mean there's infinite conversations that have happened and I'd want to really explore the depths of infinities before I say and agree with you that this conversation has happened a million you know an infinite number of times in just this way except you have a different engineer sitting next to us or and an infinite number of times where it's been Jamie too right yeah the impregnable that I mean that's the argument that's that's given but I think that we there's some nested infinities in there that deserve some explanation my feet expression is not handling this well well that's that's fine you know as I've said as I say in the in the in the in the your epigraph of of the book book does not available yet but I have a copy ha ha astrophysicists for people in a hurry astrophysics for people in a hurry but you gotta say it right say for people to come over there I'll say what's the answer astrophysics for people in a hurry oh you gotta say quick you gotta say here because you're in a hurry so so the epic the epic the epigram on that is the universe is under no obligation to make sense to you that that's

20:52ration and I've to make sense to you and so it makes sense to you that the universe is under no obligation to make sense so it's okay if your brain hurts when I say there's a ranking of infinities but um but you shouldn't say that doesn't make sense therefore it is not true I definitely wouldn't say that but what what confuses me is the word infinity because I had always taken the word infinity to mean something that has no end so how could something that has no end be larger than something else it has so the way they do that mathematically the way to demonstrate that mathematically is used you map one item in the set of this infinity to corresponding items in the set of the other infinity so you do this so you take the one and you map it to like the first transcendental number take the two to the second you just keep doing this and when you do that mathematically what you find that one infinity outstrips the other infinity wow and then you left with more with more numbers so that shows you that you have a bigger infinity now when you find I mean there's there's a new NASA

21:52announcement that's supposed to is it Monday that that's supposed to be announced or tomorrow tomorrow the exoplanet it's a Wednesday yeah yeah yeah so it's Wednesday I don't I don't have you know I see details I'm not authorized to do if you did have juicy details it is okay let me invent some juicy details that it could be so NASA so so he he's been good at segwaying lately he then he's just jumping in I know I have a issue for a short amount of time before you got to get that red eye just yeah I'm flying back to thanks for fitting this in Joe my pleasure time I would open this place up at three in the morning for you man I'm very I'm like feel the love so thank you so here's some things it could be because NASA is saying that it's it's a it's a stunning new announcement well what could be more than the fact that we already know that there are there are earth-like planets orbiting in the Goldilocks zone of the nearest star to the sun proximate can you do better that than that for me NASA I don't think so unless you got some extra stuff you

22:55gonna tell us like what's been a cottage industry in the last couple of years is the observation of planet atmospheres as the planet passes in front of the host star light from the host star passes through the atmosphere and it is all and the light signatures altered by the chemistry of the atmosphere so depending what the chemicals are it'll influence the spectrum that you get and when you do that you can say what the chemical composition of the atmosphere is that's of that star is there's certain there's a certain combinations of elements that we would call bio markers no we can't look down to the surface of the planet and look at cities if there are any but there are consequences in the atmosphere to there being life on the surface such as is the rock surgeon there I used to think when I was watching Star Trek when I was a kid because I saw it in real time that's the old I am when it first came out original series yet the Star Trek characters never wore spacesuits

23:55yeah you ever wonder I mean you ever thought about that okay what happens is they visit planets they have nitrogen oxygen atmosphere gym all right well that's what our atmosphere is nitrogen so they find planets with nitrogen they go down they don't need a spacesuit so they've actually thought about that and that's their solution so that must mean there'd be planets that you could find that well here's the thing we have oxygen on earth only because there is life on earth not any kind of life photosynthesizing life we have life that takes sunlight turns it into chemical energy into itself into wood into plants and one of its byproducts is oxygen oxygen is chemically active if you took away all plants tomorrow that oxygen would slowly get absorbed chemically into the environment and then you would not have oxygen there to be viewed by aliens trying to see if we have life here and it's pretty surprising to people to note that we're mostly nitrogen in our area we're 78%

24:56nitrogen in our atmosphere to you know what happens if you have too much oxygen if you have like let's say 50% oxygen you're really high right no what happens is like a forest fire would never go out yeah because oxygen feeds combustion and so you could basically burn all vegetation in the world if the oxygen went above certain thresholds so you needed high enough so that you can still have oxygen metabolism but not so high that it's bad for lightning triggered forest fire so if they see that so if they're if in this if I don't know the announcement but I'm just guessing here because it's been a cottage industry the last couple of years let's find these biomarkers do you have unstable chemistry going on in that atmosphere because if you do it means something's generating it and and certain combinations of chemistry tells you there's likely to be life of some kind now just a couple decades ago we had speculation of other planets but we really didn't have any tangible proof in fact anyone anytime I give a public talk you can do this

26:00that you're in your gigs ask who here's born since 1995 okay and you you your audience leans young so there'll be some fraction of the audience that'll raise their hand and so what I do is I I knight them as generation exoplanet because 1995 was the first year that an that a planet outside of our own solar system was discovered so they have been alive only during a time where we've known of other star systems that's so crazy generation exoplanet that's what I I want to start that movement that's so it's so crazy that's so recent I mean it is yeah oh yeah I was living out here yes 20 it's 24 years ago 22 years ago yeah that's it that's insane if you stop and think about how what a short period of time that is and in that period of time with thousands there's like rising through 3000 exoplanets this is the advance of take that that's not just science advance that's that's engineering and technology and and telescope quality and and imaging quality and it's is a lot that goes on to the advance of science it's not just how clever you are in an

27:01Einsteinian way it's do you know good engineers to build a device to make the measurement this is how we discovered gravity waves now what's your take on that planet that's supposed to be outside the kuiper belt that's always a planet nine so for planet nine so far yeah yeah all the data look convincing so what what they've done is they've looked at other objects in the kuiper belt and looked at that these are colleagues of mine at Caltech so it's it's Mike Brown who you know I get blamed for killing Pluto but I was an accessory for sure but I didn't definitely didn't kill blue that dude killed Pluto all right he found another object that was basically the size of Pluto out there so either you make that a planet where you demo Pluto and how much smaller is Pluto than let's say our moon oh so so don't get me started our moon has five times the mass of Pluto wow so the moon the Pluto was lame from the beginning all right we thought it was big we wanted it to be big we we we made it one of us one of the nine and its size didn't settle out until the late 1970s

28:04where we had better and better more accurate ways to measure its size and that's when we learned it's small even compared to our own but granted we have a big moon but if if you're not going to think our moon is a planet you're certainly not going to think the Pluto is a planet so so this object let me just tell you how they did so they found these other objects out there the same team a constant team back I can give pronounces last name but dingyen and Mike Brown but both at Caltech and they found these objects in the outer the kuiper belt of icy bodies were of which Pluto is in member you track their motion and you say okay if I add up all the gravity that's affecting them they should move this way but they don't they move another way a different way so either Newton's laws of gravity are failing in the outer solar system or this some object out there whose gravity you have yet to reconcile with the motions of these objects so they said let's assume Newton is right what object do we have to put out there at what distance and at what size to influence the movement of these kuiper belt objects in the way we see it and they do this through

29:07Boat's law no no we wait Pat we know we wait wait wait wait thanks for remembering Boat's law but Boat's law was a early measure of where you might find a new planet it was based on mass and gravity no no Boat's law was a simple arithmetic tool all it did was basically double the distance with a certain additive parameter double the distance of so for example and there was a little there's a factor in there that helped the inner planets come out right but let's look at Mars Mars is like two and a half times Earth's distance from the Sun what comes after Mars Jupiter Jupiter is five times Earth's distance a Saturn is ten times so often two and a half to five to ten so Boat's law is just a simple arithmetic scheme it's not based in any known physics and it was only based on the solar system itself and the solar system itself that's right so and it worked and yet you have to fudge your way to get mercury to work in that oh yeah it wouldn't didn't have Pluto of course Pluto wasn't a planet anyway but anyhow it was a it was a it was a is a fudgy way that was mostly

30:12right by accident and this was in like what year was this oh that was uh uh 1800s basically yeah yeah so now we have advanced computer programming very high precision modeling and they're saying there's got to be a planet somewhere here in this arc of the sky let's look for it because we think that's what's affecting the orbits of these other objects and that is a completely noble way to discover a planet that's how Neptune was discovered and because net uh everyone looked at the orbit of Uranus and said you know Uranus is not following Newton's laws maybe Newton's laws don't work that far out has never been tested that far and they say well let's let's assume it works and ask what would have to influence it and and by the way it's a difficult mathematical calculation because you're not saying here's the object what's the gravity field you're saying here's the gravity field I need where must the object be and how massive must it be that's a much harder mathematical problem to solve and so once the the the the the errant orbit of Uranus was known and calculated

31:19they started looking for another planet and that's how they discovered planet Neptune wow so now when they're looking at this planet nine I hope I said that right it was the movement of Uranus's orbit was not following proper laws and they inferred the presence of Neptune they said look here tomorrow night and they looked there and they found it wow yes it was a brilliant display of and no we're going back uh this is the 19th century so I mean people people were badass at every out generations got their badass scientists now how much further out from the known solar system is this unknown planet so I'm not quick to call it planet nine because so far out there it's 20 thousand times farther away from the sun than the earth is so I'm not sorry you're not in the family you're not in the neighborhood no sorry I'm not feeling it's like calling Connecticut New York City I'm not feeling it not feeling so but it's something massive right it's like six times the massive yeah I forgot what mass they were assigning it but yeah it would if that were in our solar

32:21system to be no question you would label it as a planet and it wasn't there one time speculation that it was some sort of a burnt out star that that's not that mass no no no no you might be thinking you're if that's what I think you're thinking you got good memory the long ago in a galaxy far away sometime in the 1970s people looked at the extinction record on earth and every 20 thousand years they found a little blip a little dip in the fossil record where we lost some species and people wondering why could there been some flux of comets raining down periodically on the earth wreaking havoc on the ecosystem rendering species extinct in these periodic intervals if there is maybe there's some double star to the sun right binary star system so they invoke it and they called it they came in name with they called it nemesis they came in a name and so you know what period orbital period that object must have it's got to match the extinction periodicity and so it's

33:22got to be a 20 thousand year period and so but people look for it they couldn't find it and then you re-analyze the the extinction records and it was you you had to fudge it to make it look like it was periodic so basically we've abandoned the idea of nemesis and aren't binary star systems really common yeah more than half the stars you've seen the night sky or binary or multiple systems in fact the iconic image from star wars the original star wars movie before they numbered them I think what what star wars for toonie right what they were yeah whatever whatever that that that desert planet that Luke was on and he comes out after visiting is what is a step parent no his adoptive parents what I don't know where we was visiting he comes out and you see a double sunset so that's basically the only accurate science in the entire series that's it star wars series that was a nothing I really enjoyed you're you're taking a part of gravity oh movie gravity and how many people got mad at you for that yeah you know so I stopped

34:24comic on movies I don't need to piss people off I think when I watch a movie I'm having those thoughts anyway so I might as well share them with people if you're interested so I did just that and then people the last time I did it was for Star Wars the Force Awakens Star Wars 7 I had a series of tweets you know one of them was BB8 a smooth rolling metal spherical ball would have skitted uncontrollably on sand people got angry so much so much we'd back shut the fuck out okay that's so so I said okay I'm not here to get people angry I'm just here to enlighten to help people enhance their movie going experience but to the extent that is not accomplishing this I don't need to do it I'm just saying I don't I'm an educator I thought I was being nice I don't need to do so I haven't tweeted about a movie since then I got to let them stop you I could I have tweets I could post about arrival please do why I didn't watch you know what you I watched a little bit of a

35:25shutter off okay no you got to give it a chance I as soon as I see a movie that starts out I don't spoil or starts out with a sick kid I'm like fuck you know what you're doing no in fact is very not about the kid I'm sure that's what I keep it's totally not about the kid Jamie hated it oh yeah yeah okay so you just give it a chance but but anyhow so I just stop maybe I'll come back but I'm I do it yeah people need to know yeah gravity that was good that you explained that the not always it's not plausible those two satellites are anywhere near each other oh my god or said oh there's the there's the international space station and I'm on the Chinese space station let me just jet pack my way yeah yeah do you really excuse me lady do you hey lady do you know how far away these are from one another you can just jet around from one space station to another no can't do it there tens of thousands of miles from one another but goodness sake so but anyhow so I yeah you remember these teeth it was like 15 tweets and I didn't know that was when I realized

36:26like the press was reading my movie tweets and those tweets this now a couple of years ago when gravity came out Sandra Bullock and and and what's the news name George Clooney so I tweeted it and they got talked about on the today show set the set the weekend today show on NBC then it was talked about on NBC nightly news then my tweets were talked about on Saturday and it lies the weekend update it was like the NBC trifecta and I said my gosh this was I had not that was not the point I didn't seek this it's fine I'm glad they they are reacting this way because that means they care about the science maybe but what Seth Myers it because he was doing weekend update at the time he said astrophysic is kneeled the grass station harshly criticized the movie gravity saying it contains a number of scientific inaccuracies for example there is no way George Clooney would have

37:26spent that much time talking to a woman his own age that's hilarious I think Santa Bullock's still younger than George Clooney though so they should have got their facts but yeah but not by much I mean yeah they were they were the same neighborhood yes yeah yeah I think it's important I think that you enjoy the movie it's great it's fun and everything like that but it's important to point out what the science errors are I think I think the I think the movie could have done better honestly I think they could have made the same movie I didn't like the movie when all I was doing was pointing out things they got wrong by the way they did some stunning things correctly for example this is this is brilliant if you're in zero G a fire basically puts itself out so think about when you burn a candle on earth so you like the wick if there's people have candles anymore they forgot what a candle is you light it with a match that you used to get from smoking from branches at bars all right so you light the candle and it stays lit the fuel is the wax the oxygen

38:31continually comes in because it heats the air around it and the air rises hot air rises and fresh air comes in from below and has fresh oxygen so the candle will stay lit until it burns all the way down in space if you light a candle you can light the candle it'll heat the air but the air will not know where to go because it's not lighter than everything because it's in zero G it's a stake custard around the candle the candle will use up all the oxygen in that bubble and then it'll put itself out they did this in the movie so why do they have some good science because they make you can't think of everything so they just have you on staff no no no no no no no no no cuz it's maybe I couldn't think of anything if I so you can't think of everything so I wasn't judge menals so much as this movie the fact that it got so much right is what put it on my map to criticize what it got wrong that makes sense does that make that makes sense okay it's the hair earn the wire yeah oh the hair her bangs should have been floating floating all over now if you might think my nitpicky no because if you look at any picture somebody with hair okay

39:38in space in zero G their hair is flying everywhere is the first thing you notice about them it is so obvious like wow that's the cool you're not thinking about the spaceship or the tie technology you're looking at the hair doing stuff you will never see happen on earth unless someone is like underwater and they're jiggling their head so they would have to film it all in zero gravity they would have to film it on when those drop things yeah or the drop thing they'd have to be clever about it and she only had bangs that's all you have to figure out how to did other clever things so anyway that's all I did by the way in all fairness to movies I'll call out something that's good the science that movie got right that otherwise got no science right I'll be I'm the first in line to do that like what oh uh in the movie monsters ink oh my gosh you didn't think I was going there did you uh those doors were four dimensional portals to to another that that's possible well if you had four dimensions that's what it would look like do you remember the movie yes they take the doors home yes they open the door and they're in the closet of the kid that they're going to terrorize

40:42yes you that's a wormhole that's what that is what access to the fourth dimension looks like do you think scientifically that's possible one day I hope so I hope so really because here's the example we've got a nice broad desk we hear at that at this interview right so desk is two dimensions it's got length and width and I can start putting papers on this desk and I can lay them out mosaic style and then all of a sudden I have no more room to put a sheet of paper if I'm an aunt living in this surface of the desk I say no more room but wait a minute we are three dimensional people and I can put an organizer and and and stack things vertically so I can take a sheet of paper and I can put it higher up than the surface of the desk the aunt will say where did it go oh my gosh it disappeared in some portal where no no what what is that it went into the third dimension and the aunt bound to and obviously is a three dimensional thing right imagine it's it only lives into dimensions you would have made that paper disappear into a third dimension and it will

41:47have no clue where it went because you had a portal you had access to that extra dimension so look at how much you can store on a desk when you have access to a third dimension above it vastly more than just papers mosaic out on the surface so now let's up this example by a dimension you're storing boxes in a room oh I ran out of room no you didn't let's open this four-dimensional door you open it put the boxes through the door close the door box is gone that'd be awesome for hoarders you look around the other side of the box the door there's nothing there right the your side of the door nothing there it's just a door that is a portal to a fourth dimension that can hold vastly more content than what is what you're stuck storing in the three dimensional space of your room now that's a so that's a brilliant concept and even though it has monsters that don't exist that also speak english and one of them is a cyclops and one of them is a you know i'm not judging the biophysiology of these creatures but they got the physics of of four

42:53dimensional portals completely accurate now the concept of dimensions is where it gets really abstract with people i love me some dimensions and it is abstract it is now that's why you you you you you've take let the math take you into those higher dimensions because our intuition will not will fail for us right but that's where it gets weird when you say take the math go let the math take you so like when quantum physicists use these legal no pads those yellow pads and write all that crazy stuff down that nobody but you and maybe them understand and when you look at all those equations no it's them maybe me maybe then you probably understand it right but i definitely don't my point is what are they exactly figuring out that allows them to say there are i think they say at one point time was 11 but i think they've expanded that right what are they saying now i don't have the latest dimension count on the universe but what the way it works is you you're trying to make sense of the world right and so you take some leaps some some philosophical leaps leaps some

43:56mathematical leaps you say all right maybe all particles that manifest as an electron a proton a neutron may but the quarks may be there just strings of energy vibrating at different frequencies and we sense these different frequencies as different particles let's just go there for a minute well if you're going to do that what are the consequences to it then and how many dimensions do these vibrating strings require to have the properties that we see in our dimensionality so so the exercise of explaining what you see takes you to places that you've never been before and that's fine places at intellectual places that you've that have been previously unplugged there's nothing wrong with that we've done that before we that's why we know what is happening in the center of the sun have we ever been there no no but we know how matter behaves under pressure and temperature we can do that in the laboratory we've got a sun sitting out there with a surface temperature

45:00a mass a certain luminosity and we say what must be going on down in the core let's bring our best physics a quantum physics our our chemistry our our nuclear physics bring it all together and we have a complete understanding of what's going on in the center of the sun and we're on to other problems now even though we've never visited there so when they're going over this math the mathematics and like observable things that we have right now or at like the atomic and subatomic level correct we don't you can't see do you realize the electron just to okay so I by I admit I did a whole series of this there's something called the the great courses lecture series it's oh yeah that was a sponsor this podcast for a while well they really okay great courses so cool so I was once invited to be one of their professors for the great courses and I taught a very short most of them are like thirty lectures it's like a whole college semester so but I don't have the time the energy so they let me do like short bits so one of them is only six parts and it's called the

46:04inexplicable universe and it's six parts of everything about which we know nothing in this universe you might say well that's a pretty easy course to give dark matter having a clue okay on to the next lecture it might be something dark matter could be some we don't know stay tuned so but it's interesting to learn how we come to know what we don't know and so it's it's an exploration of our ignorance and I'm very proud of it because it's it's not what you'd normally find in a lecture series and it's still it's still out there but one of the things I will tell you then I'll tell you now the electron has no known dimension it is smaller than the smallest we have ever had the capacity to measure so as far as we are concerned it is infinitely small well we have no way to even know how to measure by the way how do you measure something small you get something smaller and find out how many of those it is no no no think about the challenges at each extreme

47:12ask me how big is the universe and I'll say it's as big as well I got nothing what am I going to say right there's nothing as big as the universe so at the biggest and at the littlest end there's not something else it's it doesn't work as well okay to try to say what it is relative to something else do you entertain the possibility that the biggest and the littlest end of the same thing meaning that are the smallest measurable point that literally might be a whole another universe that like might be fractal it's fun to think about it's I mean well all the way down yeah it's fun to think about again infinitely down like however and people by the way in in the 1920s when we discovered the atom and its structure and that there's an electron in quote orbit around a nucleus and was away we've been there before we got planets orbiting the sun and so this this so maybe it's a mini solar system maybe it's it's solar systems all the way down well I'm glad you brought this up

48:12I'm glad we brought this up because I wanted to bring this question that I almost forgot there's a photograph of a brain cell and side by side with a photograph of the known universe and they look eerily similar so you're talking about the large scale structure yes the universe where large scale structure in a galaxy so I get to that in a minute hold that up Jamie okay so I'll get to that so you ever tell him just pull up his own damn images yeah but I can't put it on the TV so he has to do it so you so here's why that's not likely okay it was an entertained idea but here's why it's not likely the manifestation of the laws of physics are different at the atomic scale then they are at the macroscopic scale they're just simply different a planet can take any orbit sensible for its velocity around a host star an electron cannot its energy levels are predetermined

49:14and quantized hence the word quantum the prefix quanta in quantum physics so if it was a continuum of matter and energy following the same laws of physics then I would say then its solar systems all the way down but the rules completely change and so things can on the surface seem similar but when it comes time to understand them and to analyze them and to manipulate them and to exploit their conduct and their behavior for other means as we have done with atoms and molecules for the entire it revolution you no longer are they the same and you abandon this romanticized concept so now with the neurons the network of neurons and the cluster the clusters of galaxies and galaxy super clusters that would be on the right neurons on the left that's so eerie yes so so yeah they

50:14can look the same but they are operating under completely different laws of physics so another is the laws of physics that dictate what's going on in brain cells have no relationship to what's going on in the universe brain cells you're undergoing we can tell you what forces are operating it's it's electromagnetic forces brain cells use electrical impulses chemical impulses this is why drugs can affect the brain all right they're chemical in there's chemistry going on in the brain in its natural state you disrupt that enhance it you just put you just put down some some some chemistry in your stomach that's now affecting your brain what'd you just drink there what was it alpha brain alpha brain okay yeah so you're entering the chemistry so it's chemistry what's going on on the large scale structure of the universe is not chemistry right there's some chemistry deep within but it's not the chemistry is not what's making that pattern and because of that it becomes an artistic curiosity not something that has any kind of deep scientific insight so it's just a

51:16fascinating point thing similarity yes it's a fascinating similarly put them up together and it's fun to think about it but it's not it's fun to think about it artistically but not scientifically no it's great if you're hanging out with your friends going wow man uh uh with a high you are yeah exactly yeah yeah but now when you're looking at the subatomic particles excuse me and you're looking at these like when they they observed particles in superposition whether moving and stationary at the same time where they blink in and out of existence like when when you get down to that and I repeat the the the opening page of the book the universes under no obligation to make sense yeah yeah for sure yeah definitely does yeah so at that scale uh things that go on with atoms and molecules fall outside of your life experience you don't hang out at the bar with protons nucleons nucleons or you know other nucleons or or molecules you just don't so what they do in their day is completely far into you so now you shrink down to that size

52:19and particles are popping in and out of existence the they become conjoined quantum mechanically conjoined and it's completely weird and you would say this is none of this makes sense and this is observable oh yes in a visual sense uh well it depends depending how big the phenomena is otherwise you can see other things that would happen that you know that are the manifestations of that happening right yes but so an electron is smaller even than that oh yes by how many factors no no we don't we don't even we don't know how small an electron we never measured the size of an electron the concept of super string theory so a soup of the vibrating string you're smaller than that yes the the strings would have to be smaller thinner smaller than the electron itself yes by many many that I don't I couldn't quantify for you I get to bring in a string theory person so it's like at the bottom of what we can observe well that's a great question what is the bottom and the you know the word atom which was introduced by the Greeks you know what atom means in Greek

53:21that's a translation you know what it means no indivisible so they imagine that all matter was you'd come down to something that was indivisible how the how they figured that out well they figured out they supposed it and they were defeated right the first they were you know they're wealthy and had free time and you know when they weren't waging war you could think and you know what we think of as philosophy is traceable to a lot of what they were doing back then and the origins of what science is are traceable to back to back then that you'd have an idea that applies to what the universe does that enables you to predict future behavior that is science and so so the atom it turned out is divisible is divisible into sub atomic sub atom particles so you get electrons protons and neutrons and a whole host of other particles less familiar their neutrinos and other things then it turns out protons and neutrons are further divisible that you get quarks

54:22out of those and as far as we know there are only four fundamental particles in the universe the photon which is light the electron of which there's several species that's the anti electron in this thing but just these are just the state simple here the photon the electron the the quark and the neutrino that's it everything in the universe that we've ever observed is made out of that stuff so those are quote the atoms of the universe the indivisible parts if you will now this is a good dark matter could be made of yet another kind of thing that we don't know yet but we we got top people trying to figure out what dark matters we've measured it out there we just don't know what it is well it's something like 90 something percent of the universe if you add dark matter and dark energy it's 95 percent of all that drives the universe and we can measure the existence of both yet we have no idea what's driving them this is an awesome opportunity for you to illuminate this off it's all in astrophysics for people in a hurry okay it's all it so it's out in May

55:25uh comes out in May yeah you can pre-order it which by the way publishers love it if you pre-order it's it isn't adorable but beautiful it's it's it's a good size it's adorable you can get a pre-order it on the Amazon you know the reason why they publishers like you to pre-order is so that they can capture it yeah they just want to they don't want to over print they don't want under print if so they get a sense of the pre-ordering because you're not charged until they ship it so it's it's a pretty harmless exercise while we're on this uh subject of subatomic particles and weirdness I wanted to I wanted if you could illuminate this often misused explanation for the observer effect because you know the the particles waves and you watch them observe them and it changes the reaction it is heavily misunderstood it's misunderstood because people want to attribute it to magic the magic of the mind and the consciousness looking at it but isn't it in fact just measuring it yes thank you please explain next question explain to people because I'm so tired of talking to hippies show you're good it just drives me not carry your people with you I try what what what

56:26where are you coming from when I'm where you pulling what what what where you get your people I don't know well I don't own them for sure real owners are definitely not my people they're very greatly you can't even loop them together I know you looked at you have you have an admirable diverse following and that not many people can claim that and it's probably because of your diverse profile right I mean well I'm as open-minded as I can be but not top of that you're smart and you read and you're thoughtful and you're also on some level respect you'll hear it somebody out and you're you know you did you got your MMA thing so no you're in a lot of places and a lot of spaces and that's a good thing I mean we need more unity in this world so so well thank you thank you so please explain what what what people are getting wrong okay so very simple it's much simpler than you think okay all right you ready yes so I'm looking at you the only reason why I can see you is because there's light reflecting off of your face your body into my eyes so there's light oh by

57:28the way that's stars yeah those are Hubble photographs oh my god yeah those are images from the Hubble when I walked in there sheets that you put over the fluorescent light cover and so when we look up we actually see the real real images you pretending it's the nice yeah well it doesn't look it's completely as it could be recording studio well what I want to do in the future studio I want to actually build a glass ceiling and have a full-scale image high resolution image of the stars so a planetarium yes yeah you're describing a planetarium exactly call it that it's a planetarium well something like that but I just wanted an image you know what you know what you know do better than that you know how to do it no do better than that you get a you just you get a curved version of those very high resolution led screens yeah okay then you put any image up there you want oh okay there's the night sky tonight it's what the sky looks like from from alpha century oh so like when you go to see one of those star shows at a planetarium and they show it on the ceiling above you well yeah so but nowadays that the ceiling itself is the is the source of light right it's not

58:32projected from something else so then you just feed that with image data and then it becomes whatever you want can you hook me up with someone who knows how to do that yeah I could totally yeah I'm excited yeah I know you don't know people I got people I mean people that like you my people that's Harry me my people for sure well you're you know you happy you know the people of the cop that would teach the people so okay so here was I'm looking at you okay all right yes and I see you I want to know where you are so I turn on the lights and I say there you are all right now let's make you tinier let's make you mini me okay like in the movie right so now is a tiny version of you a mini me version of Joe Rogan now you're little I turn on the lights you're still there okay okay because if the lights are not on I can't see you I don't know where you are right it's that simple okay okay when you start becoming the size of molecules right on down to the size of an atom

59:35and I ask the question where is Joe Rogan the atom and I turn on the light to see you there because I think you're there the light the photon comes in hits your atom and pops you into another location hmm the very act of trying to measure your position prevents me from measuring your position and as I have jack shit to do with your consciousness or your mind or your eyes or anything it has to do with the fact that to know you're there some information has to come from you to me like shining a light on you and the small you are the more susceptible you are to the the energy of the light changing your position in space so my question is I don't like you know what you notice like you ever I don't know if this is still happened you you quarter spills out of your pants pocket on the back seat of a car and it's there in the wedge between the bottom and the back seat and so you

1:00:40try to reach in to get it and the act of reaching for the coin makes the coin move farther away from you the act of reaching for it right because you separated and it just slides down even further that's not your mind making that happen it's the it's the act of the measurement that is affecting what it is you're trying to measure and this was discovered in quantum physics until the point where that's actually it's the heisenberg uncertainty principle it's it's one of the basic foundations of all of quantum physics now when it's just profound it's profound but when it's described in the woo woo way you they show these particles going through these slots and then observing them changes the pattern that they go through with and there's a there's a a horrible cartoon that you see in that uh movie what in the bleep i couldn't get through that movie i tried did you go crazy with the bad science you know can i tell you where i turn maybe i should please well here's what people don't know a lot of that is from a cult the woman that i didn't know the woman who is the the man i don't mind a

1:01:44cult movie i don't know she's a channeler she's speaking as a character like do you know that that one blonde woman older blonde woman that's in that movie yeah okay and she speaks when she speaks she's speaking as a character okay i didn't know that you have to like she's she's a part of like this very bizarre sort of cult okay and should i tell you where i tuned it out or you want to finish your what you want to finish where okay so i was tried to i just couldn't watch it right there's a point where they were talking about uh natives in the carabin seeing european ships yes and then they said well because they'd never seen a ship before they brain didn't register it as anything and then it just disappeared bullshit and i'm thinking no that's not how the brain works excuse me that's not how this works okay what what happened they might not know what they're looking at but they'll know they're looking at something and they've had ships they they went from island island that's how you get from island island they say well that's a really big version yeah what we've never seen anything that big before i don't know what it is i don't know where it came from

1:02:46but i want to find out i want to study it i'm going to protect myself whatever so just because you've never said doesn't mean you're not going to register it excuse me no exactly no i said not what i can't waste my i got other things i got to devote my brain energy to instead i instead of this but someone else it always gets better later on so i said maybe i'll one day oh no it doesn't that does not it gets more confusing later on and it it it does a better job of confusing you as to what science has shown and what they haven't shown now by the way just an all fairness to what they i think that the point they were trying to make there are things that if you don't know to recognize them you would they would go undiscovered yes okay but that doesn't mean you wouldn't see them okay so for example let's say you're walking and you didn't know that you were walking over this huge burial mound because the slope was really shallow and you're just walking okay well you just you didn't notice that okay so you need a different way to see it in order to know so some space from an

1:03:52angle measure the height whatever so there are ways to miss things that so and that and that happens all the time right but if it's something there on the horizon my gosh this is why we have eyes okay now they're not the best day to taking devices but it's come time to tell you whether there's a ship or not a ship that you've never seen before it's a ship of course okay yeah of course I'm sorry to be so much evidence of that when people discover new animals yes anything before anything yeah anything there's no record of it whatsoever people find it and they get still seen most scientific discoveries you discovered something we've never seen before ramp the that was the woman's name that was the the person that she was channel that's a cool channeling name yeah have to have a channeling name rampant I'd be ramp though I found that after the after the the movie was done after I watched it I was they got me with a lot of things I was like wow is that true is that real now I started reading fortunately that movie came out in the 2000s instead of in the 90s because

1:04:52if it came out in the 90s we would all got duped oh yeah okay we wouldn't have the internet oh right the research all the ship is wrong with it but in the 2000s I started researching it and then I would send it to my friends like look look look look at the fuck this came from and then and then you go oh that's a cult yeah it's a cult the ladies a cult she's like she's talking like she's an alien she's supposed to be an alien right isn't that do you see it in there anyway again I don't mind I don't mind if people think their channelers that just don't put them in charge of anything that's all well it's it's not the mind it's just that you should probably say that when you get going with that yeah so I know exactly what you're saying this is a cult nobody's ever said that she's called herself rampant they think it's real and genuine and since and they're very sincere because they're yeah they've duped themselves well that whole thing is you need is is you know you need is some foundation of science literacy so that you can enoculate yourself against those who would exploit your absence of knowledge of how the science works for their own gain well not even for their own gain just YouTube videos I mean someone could

1:05:55make a very compelling YouTube video where they get you convinced that oh my god dinosaurs aren't real right they start playing these things for you they tell they tell you about can pop popcorn in the man if you see that one oh I have seen that yeah yeah you line up sometimes more than they start popping yeah you got to like direct that's a fun one that's a fun one yeah that can't really happen no of course not you imagine it could Jesus Christ we're like what are we doing with these phones but there's there's a ton of those out there where people see that's it's one of the problems with with a lack of dialogue with someone who just has one narrative like you sit down you edit something and you just talk you know it's it's it's very similar to like even if you write a blog I mean this one thing if you're writing a blog like say if you're an expert in electronics you write a blog about how a television works but if you're just a person and you don't really understand what you're talking about but you write something and use the right words and you say it in a very compelling way like an attack piece on someone that really has no basis in reality you can have someone convinced this person's a terrible person just by writing something without them having to

1:06:57respire like all up stop never did that I tweeted a few weeks ago I tweeted a few weeks ago I'm gonna botch it because it's it's way better as the tweet than I will ever remember it as the tweet so it was one of the great challenges in life is knowing enough to think you're right but not enough to know you're wrong yeah well that is a big problem with a lot of people that watch these YouTube videos that's what it is they say oh this is right oh my gosh but they don't know enough to know why it's wrong well this is what I want to talk to you about it what is it about people that there's this there's this is this very compelling need to find something out that other people don't know like the world is flat like dinosaurs aren't real like that kind of stuff is very compelling to people so what I do in those cases in the in the yeah so what I do is I would say instead of debating them and some of some of your listeners are listening to this right now and what all I would do is say what is your best single bit of evidence for what you're claiming and what would it take

1:08:08to show that you're wrong all right well let's go a simple one so so that's what I would ask okay and I've done this exercise and it doesn't work you know why why because there's a guy who didn't believe we went to the moon we spent a third of our time in our last session go there so someone I know who doesn't believe we went to the moon rather let me just say he's skeptical so I said what kind of evidence would convince you he said images of the landing site of the Apollo missions so I said okay here's a website where we sent uh if I wasn't what was it was the Chinese I think the Chinese or Europeans sent a probed an orbiter to the moon so that it was close enough because ground based telescopes are not a percent don't they don't have the resolution to see the landing sites but if you get close enough to the moon you can it it photographed the entire surface of the moon and there were the landing sites and you saw the rover tracks and the the base for the lunar module and so that night he went home and found it and then he came back and

1:09:12says well NASA could have faked that well I'm done with you we have no more to talk about because he's not ready to be convinced well that's a weird one I gave him the evidence he asked for exactly that would convince him and it did not convince him that's a singular event we have I have no other conversation with that's a singular event which you could say in one way or like it is possible that someone could fake a singular event they can't fake whether or not the world's flat right like that to me is the scariest one that there's so many people out there that believe the world is flat because you could you could literally see the curvature of the earth from a plane I mean you can get to parts of the you look at the images from the space station where they circle the moon or they circle the earth rather I mean there are there's many many satellite images of the earth in its entirety you know and one of the things that the argument was is how come every photograph of the earth is a compilation of photographs well because they're all taken from 300 miles up the earth

1:10:15is huge yeah here's way bigger than 300 miles you have to take a compilation you have to do the only way to get you except for the Apollo photo the Apollo 17 coming back has the earth that's the famous one that's Africa and Antarctica and view it's the full earth very few full earths is very hard to get a full earth single photo of course the ashtray and when we went to the moon the moon missions when they're coming back think about it to get full earth means the sun is behind the astronauts on the way back to earth which means the side of the moon facing earth is not lit but that's the side of the moon they came from so they want to visit the moon while it's sunlight there they don't want to need flashlights when they get to the moon so they visit the moon while there's sunlight earth the view of earth at that time will not be full so Apollo 17 was there long enough so that by the time they left the moon was basically a new moon earth was full moon earth was full earth and then they got a full earth photo those packs that they have on their

1:11:18back that regulate the temperature that allows them does walk on the surface of the moon when it's 250 degrees the other side is facing the sun is more than 200 degrees and in the shadow it's 250 degrees below yeah yeah so can it switch back and forth between those two environments you what you need no what you just insulate the astronauts insulated and so when you're insulated those temperature extremes are not felt so they're minimized and it's regulated by the pack oh yeah oh yeah so yeah so it's like pack those warm water oxygen and no it maintains the temperature but it's a case of what's the of warming and cooling in the face of what's going on it maintains the temperature that's how you need to think about it okay so regardless of what it's cooling one side of you and chilling the others and heating the other side right it's maintaining a temperature for you and when you are in space like say what they're doing a space one click on the space station same thing is being on the surface of the moon because on no atmosphere on earth you are in this in this cocoon there I say of atmosphere so all the air in this room is the same temperature because the air can communicate a difference in temperature

1:12:25to itself equilibrating it across the whole room right if you don't have air then your temperature is measured by where's the energy coming from the heating you and if the sun is hitting you all that energy will be raising your temperature in the side of you that's not facing photons that temperature will drop so you need to you could survive it if you put yourself on a rotisserie oh figure out the right rotation rate and even then you'd have to spend pretty quick in order to balance it like that yeah you you have to figure out what the right rate is now when you get in a debate with a guy like that I don't debate people I don't debate people okay well when you discuss the saying goes when an argument lasts more than five minutes both sides are wrong that's a terrible saying yeah it's mostly wrong and the other person stubborn you know it could definitely last for hours yeah that's true at all it's not it's true 80% of the time okay okay yeah um but you got into with that rapper that thinks that here's I'll tell you why B.O.B because cause in his Twitter stream he was saying he was invoking physics mmm and so I got I got a deal with this right yeah and

1:13:32so he showed a picture from bear mountain which is a mountain in in slightly upstate New York where Manhattan is in the sightline of the summit of this mountain and he says given the curvature of the earth and this formula you should not be able to see Manhattan at all okay um it and it depends on the height that you're viewing well thank you well well so so you do the math and it turns out Manhattan the island would not be visible at all that's true but any building taller than 15 stories would rise up above the curvature of the earth and you will see it and if you look at the photo you see the tall buildings rising above 15 stories it's exactly what the correct formula shows and not his formula which was wrong and misinterpreted uh claims to show what's just bizarre because snipers have been using the the the literal curve of the earth to plan where bullets go that's how you plot out yeah you have to when you shoot in a mile you know when you're

1:14:35shooting like well out over a thousand yards those those factors so let me think of mile I have to ask how much curvature of the earth do you get after miles interesting drop question you get drop in curvature that be gravity drop yes and then curve yeah so both of those yeah yeah well there's a good quite well it's here here's a thing to say someone if you have a bullet in your hand and you shoot a gun uh which bullets drops faster right they yeah they generally they get the wrong answer to them yeah drop the exact same rate they'll hit the ground at the same time exact same time and that that blows people's minds they can't believe that's right but you do that in physics 101 you know yeah it's it's it's an expect it's a physics demo so that's why physics is so important you know people so let's take biology in this great but don't leave out the physics because that's where the fundamental operations of nature are to be found of the physical universe are to be found so what you have is you have a gun at one side uh it's like a thing that shoots out a projectile and we'll call it a gun at one side of the stage and then you have like a little stuffed animal with the

1:15:36other size days held up with an electromagnet at the top of its head and these two are exactly the same level as the projectile comes out from the those there's mini cannon it trips an electric circuit that releases the electromagnet at the top of the stuffed animal the stuffed animal begins to fall the bullet moves horizontally but also falls because gravity is pulling them both and you watch the projectile curve down you watch the stuffed animal curve down and it hits the stuffed animal every single time the only factor that would change that would be if you put wings in the bullet and was dealing with the wind right yeah wind wind would affect it yeah uh they have bullets with wings I haven't seen that no they don't okay no but if they did yeah you know like you shot the bullet and then they figured out like clank when wings came out I saw that on some James Bond movie I thought probably yeah I'm sure yeah yeah it's it's just gotta be frustrating for you when these things come back around like there was no flatter theory when I was in high school so

1:16:39there are other things though think about it when you're in high school there was much more astrology going on oh yeah the president Reagan oh let's talk about that Nancy Reagan has that on on on us astrologer uh so today you don't see much of it unless you talk to Steve Maxwell but but it's still there it's just not it's not manifesting in public policy some people believe in a deeply I agree but it's not up there in public policy that's what I'm saying okay well well Nancy Reagan was really the only one that made it public sure but then but at the bar do you do you hear people saying what's your sign oh yeah oh yeah 100% no no that should be true listen dude you're married and you're a murder man I'm out of it you don't understand if you want to get laid you gotta talk nonsense to people if you're a Taurus we should just stop I missed that I misled myself I thought it was fading but just but Nancy Reagan was the big proponent yeah but it's it's nonsense astrology now it's not like someone who really understands astrological charts and

1:17:40can plot it in the moons in retrograde and you're born on you know Celsius was rising and all that crazy crap that they tried I don't know what they're doing I was on a talk show with an astrologer a real one apparently yes she she's real on her fake one right she says she's real okay and I trust her because she talks about how fake other astrologers are oh she's a hater no she's a hater don't trust her and she was saying that the Kennedys all died during a lunar eclipse oh scary and you know that this is a very checkable statement she just says this and everyone's listening and believing it's a wow that's the campy by accident well I don't know when other Kennedys died but I know when Jack Kennedy died and there was November 22nd 1963 so I so I don't need to know if there's an eclipse then I just need to know what phase the moon is in right because you can only have a lunar eclipse when the moon is full so the moon was nowhere near full it was like two weeks away from full even if it wasn't eclipse it didn't happen during a eclipse is my

1:18:45point right okay so of course because it was daylight well well you can have a lunar eclipse at any time okay yeah you can't it's so look so it's so close to anytime too it's just not for you dark it's just not for you it would be for the other side of the earth right right don't be so it's some centric centric in fact when there's a lunar eclipse anyone on the side of the earth that sees the moon we'll see that the lunar eclipse so so by the way lunar eclipses you get several per year by the way partial eclipses as a minimum and every couple years there's a full lunar eclipses so these are not rare things to start they're not rare okay so I said you know he he was shot when the I forgot what moon was in first quarter moon and she said oh well this counts if there anywhere within two weeks on either side of the eclipse what that's a month that's a month out of 12 what that it's I said let me just shut up here and let her keep it was a what did she say sharing the time it was a forl had a talk show we were both forl's talk so and he'd like science

1:19:50by the way and he he won't ask a shirt at the at the at the academy award group photo so I got to give him some props for that but so but with so I just said I'm I'm I'm nothing more to say here hence my argument with her lasted less than five minutes now what are they when when they're trying to decide like what your personality would be and what you you know how you what you can dictate from your birth date and what time you were born what what are they exactly trying to connect so I had a deeper awareness of this recently when I learned that people take the names of things very seriously okay the names mean things to people regardless of what the thing actually is okay okay okay so what might we mean by this uh so uh let's like astrophysically I say

1:20:50we have this thing called dark matter we don't know what it is well it's got to be some kind of matter no no it shouldn't be called dark matter it should be called Fred all right with no it shouldn't lead you to think anything about it because we do not know what it is we should really call it dark gravity it is it is gravity that we have measured we don't know what's causing the gravity just call it dark matter implies you think it's matter some people do but we don't know so explain to me what what is this based on like when you say dark matter what is it based on it's I'd like to just call it Fred for now okay let's call it Fred and I'm saying we don't know what it is right what it what how is how is the gravity of this stuff okay it's out there the six times the gravity of stuff that's ordinary matter we don't know where it's coming from we don't know the source we don't know the origin is it a parallel universe is it we don't know and how are we measuring it by its effect on the motions of objects so a certain strength of gravity will force you to move at a

1:21:53given speed as you near it and as you pull away and we see this in galaxies galaxy clusters binary galaxies uh and then measured entire galaxies that are made completely out of this Fred among at least 80% of the force of gravity manifested in these galaxies is Fred yes and and that's why why are they calling it dark matter they shouldn't in my opinion it's called dark gravity because that's literally what it is so it's gravity that cannot be measured or gravity that's gravity completely understood it's not understood correct so it's it's mysterious gravity or can't be completely measured to measure it but you can't narrow down what the gravity is precisely right okay so you measure it but you can't so my time in the origin because some we don't know what it is my point is because someone called it dark matter it has swayed everybody into thinking that it is matter of some kind it has constrained people's thoughts about how to think about this problem

1:22:57okay so now the ancients looked up and they saw these stars and they put their culture on the sky so there's centaurs there's there's you know um uh there's a cent there's a centaur archer so it's Sagittarius we have a ryan the hunter we have tourists we have sea serpents we have rivers we have stuff that mattered to people back then okay we have a Aquarius what is it what's the water bearer oh the water bearer that must mean that when the sun is an Aquarius it's going to rain more on earth why because the ancients called it the water bearer oh okay and all of a sudden the name reigns supreme over the fact that it is a random set of stars widely separated in space that don't even look like people holding a picture of water

1:24:02of the 88 constellations about six of them look like what you're told they're supposed to look like the rest require opium induced imagination to establish what they are so they all have names then you go to the astrologers tables and they say oh this is the rain sign or this is a dry drought sign and then you take the names of things and those names are what they interpret based on where the moon is the sun is where the planets are and all whatever the angle configurations there are and each angle has a certain latitude over which they'll count it as a hit rather than as a miss and so this gives extraordinary capacity of the astrologer to tell you what's going on in your life so it's bullshit but they did have this real fascinating connection with these

1:25:05certain constellations and all of the different things that they thought were attached to these certain constellations you know it's you know it'd be like it'd be like a geologist going up to the border of Colorado trying to understand the shape as a geologist hmm it's it's an arbitrary shape hmm color was is a square on a curved surface it's amazing how much confirmation bias is attached it's not surrounded by a river by a yeah that's right so you know wiki has a great website on cognitive bias hmm and there's like 20 or so well known by every person it should be that this should be a course called cognitive bias 101 not forget college every high school should have a course cognitive bias and that entire course should be about all the ways we fool ourselves don't you think that would be very important so I've tweeted this too science the only point of the scientific method is to make sure you are not fooled into thinking that

1:26:10something is true that is not or thinking that something is not true that is that is the only point of the and therefore the scientific method could be anything you invent just take better notes take a chart recorder be more awake next time you take the data bring a friend to observe it with you whatever it takes to minimize the chances that you will misinterpret what you're looking at so that you don't think something is true that is not or think something is not true that is do whatever it takes to support that that uh mission statement that's what the scientific method is and that's what we do with scientists and that's why when you bring all of these things that people do so it's the astrology and the crystal healers and the and who the the the the the the quote therapeutic touch people don't mess with them that's real now that's real you don't even understand this goes on on healer i'm an intuitive healer it goes on and on and on and on yeah and these are the things that

1:27:15fail in the double blind science and you why do you do double blind so you don't fool yourself into thinking something is true that's why you do double blind if you don't and you want something to be true even if you even if you're surprised by something that might have been true that you were against still you need someone else to check it and and and you only get an emergent scientific truth when you have agreement among different people's experiments it's so even if you get a result that you're happy with it is not yet a scientific truth until you can confirm it by other people who have no investment in you who don't care about you fact we're trying to show that you're wrong this is what made Einstein so great because no one believed his relativity and they kept devising ever more accurate experiments to show he was wrong and it ended up showing that he was right by ever higher precision do you think that we're doing ourselves a disservice by not teaching people how the mind works how confirmation bias works and and it is you shouldn't be teaching the wrong things in school i'm working on this but if you're not in a few years i'm

1:28:17going to have something my now my kids are in school right now bizzacks excuse me i can't be i can't i understand but i mean let's discuss it because i think you took me a long time to include an entire course on cognitive bias yes if we are going to emerge as adults no longer susceptible to charlatans yes okay who are either well-meaning and just misguided or who are explicitly exploiting your ignorance and it's a major factor in our culture a major factor what it comes to politicians the drifes factor when it comes to bosses it's a major factor when it comes to how you choose what you do for a living how you choose to be a right and human interaction with nature itself yeah i mean we are constantly trying to manipulate and control other people's biases behaviors the way they think the way they act and we're very vulnerable in some senses because this is not something that's taught to us at an early age you know and i think that we we're it takes a long time to figure it out on your own and i've often thought like man why wasn't

1:29:20i explained this when i was young yeah because the curriculum was didn't wasn't thinking about that yeah well we're thinking about just giving people facts instead of teaching them how to think that your mind is this vessel into which you pour information and nowhere and at no time are we trained how to turn affect into knowledge knowledge into wisdom and wisdom into insight i think that full sequence needs to be in there in the academic system k through 12 13 through 16 34 to be a college it's got to be in there somewhere without it you're just this vessel of facts even if you and even the people we call smart in class these are people get a's on everything and they know everything but do they have the deepest insight are they do they really understand what it is that they're putting back on the test i don't think all of them do i think they have good short

1:30:21term memory some of them and they do well on the exams because of that fact so they're going to acquiring data and and maintaining it acquiring information and then bringing it back on command not all summer are deep thinkers and i don't want to take that away from them all i'm saying is that the curriculum i think needs these other dimensions of survival really so that's what it is it's survival in a world and and when a scientist says this is true you can ask well why do you think that's true exercise some healthy skepticism i don't have a problem with that say because of look at this evidence do you know how to read evidence by the way and look at this evidence look at this chart look at this experiment and this is why we conclude overwhelmingly that this is going to happen in our future uh i chew out of you point ahead at scientists what do you know by the way give me my cell phone so i can call my grandmother okay well i use gps satellites to no one to make a left turn right right i'm gonna call my astrologist to tell them these scientists don't they got

1:31:22their head up their ass right so so yeah well i think also it would be really beneficial to teach people how to manage perspective and how to look at you know look at life in in a way that's going to be beneficial to you but we're not really giving them any tools to manage the mind like philosophy yeah but they're some philosophy classes that you know but even a philosophy not all philosophy but yeah it's very rare the thing philosophy of a lot you know just how to think about decision-making yeah and the causes and effects and consequences uh there's not enough of that either no i mean they're relying on that to happen at home but not all homes are intact right uh in fact perhaps most are broken homes or separated homes and so i i think the school system school needs to be rethought and i'm trying to think that through be a few more years well anytime you talk about alternative schooling people look at you like you're some sort of a hippie freak who wants your kids to eat granola right right living the mountains and get their own spring water you know i mean that's that's what they think of when you say alternative schooling right right off

1:32:25train them at home oh man good luck it's excuse you say homeschooling oh you're a religious nut i mean that's that's immediately the perception fastest growing sector of the homeschooling sector they don't want you cloud in your head with all that evolution talk right right right do you ever talk to that ken ham guy have you ever sat down with that guy no but bill nigh has i mean bill nigh debated him i mean i can't debate people it's not what i do you just can't do it i just can't do it i's not what i do i i'm an educator and i want to educate you so you can think for yourself but that's not going away that's it to debate someone implies that whoever whoever is most convincing is correct right that's not how knowledge works right it's too much charisma involved yeah yeah it's not how not whatever charisma level i have or not have i don't want to hinge what is true on that fact right all right so i'm an educator i will i will teach you the causes and effects of what science it knowing what science is and how and why it works which is why it's critical that you continue to criticize science fiction movies it's very important don't you back off now

1:33:29we need you there's a lot of people that wouldn't know that that chinese space station is no near the american space station and that the her hair would be moving all over the place her hair would be everywhere yeah oh but my favorite one is remember when he's at the end of a tether and she's drawn to save him but she doesn't have an oxygen to do it so he lets go of the tether oh yeah and that way she can't save him before she can save herself right and he and and then he flies away it's like no they're like floating in space yeah he let's go to tether it just stays there in his hand yeah doesn't he would be right there he would be right there nothing he let's go nothing happened wouldn't be like a bungee cord now if he if she were swinging him in circles and he let go yeah he'd fly off at attention but that's not what was happening right and nor were they rotating i would check the what they were relative to earth below that was not what was going so then you know she could have just given a slight tug and then he would have drifted towards her that could have even been a little romantic just a little baby tug yeah baby tug would do it they would slowly drift towards one of them now hey then the helmets would hit you know and then

1:34:31they would make me mad oh and then the helmets break and then they'd be freezing it up instantly right when you just suffocate suffocate that too and then freeze to death right what movie nailed that there was one movie where they were over there you know they overdid it uh well there was people want you to like explode in space so to no no i mean well they want you to free solid too instantly yeah yeah right no just no there's and even in was it armageddon where the sun rose over this over the over the comet and he didn't have his visor down and he was blinded by the sun it's like the same sun in our daytime sky the atmosphere doesn't protect you in any way the earth's atmosphere takes out you know the few percent that's it oh yeah a few percent well in the middle a grand daylight at the top of the sky so you just be squinty a few percent now he'll get more UV he'll get more UV that's important get a little brown yeah but um yep death in space is nowhere near as spectacular as movies would have you think yeah they make it seem like if you take

1:35:36that helmet off you just immediately freeze up yeah yeah no no i mean you can go into very what happens is there's nothing making you cold other than you radiating heat from your skin uh so you only get as cold as quickly as you can radiate away heat that's all so take quite a while oh yeah oh yeah no air so you suffocate quicker yeah you suffocate oh yeah you suffocate long before you saw anything uh anything like that happen so so just think about there's nothing touching you that's making you cold it has to wait for you to radiate away hmm that's what's happening okay and so that so yeah you'll feel very cold very quickly but you're not going to die from that fast now when Stephen Hawking you also have dissolved gases in your body which will try to come because in in in the vacuum of space you don't have the air pressure tamping down the dissolved gases so you take away the air pressure then the dissolved gases will begin to bubble out of your

1:36:36blood no and this is the same problem with when you have the bends oh when you come up from low altitude right and you go to lesser pressure around your poison again nice so you want to do that slowly so that it's a very slow thing but the hazards of but then you why would you be butt naked in space i mean you gonna have a space suit on so well you just want to prove to everybody that you do it so like well they did it in 2001 in space honestly they basically did it right the guy without his helmet went through the airlock i just held his breath oh okay yeah that's all he did oh well that that's way more reasonable well because it was a reasonable movie there was a reasonable yeah it's a good movie it had real advisor Stanley Kubrick well he was a really interesting guy too because he was a mathematician Stanley Kubrick I didn't know that about it but I knew he cared about yeah that level of detail he used to do complex math and for fun so there's a there's a there's a failed bit of physics in 2001 you want to get away yeah one day I'll talk about the one so the model is which was it no no so remember when he's he's on one of the the moon

1:37:37crafts and he's orbiting the moon and they give him food all right and there's a tray of nasty food obviously it's like astronaut food remember this is 1968 so everything here is a is a visual uh uh uh uh taste of the future so he has another packet where he extends a straw from that plastic packet okay oh there he is excellent you're getting the good photo you're good you're boy is good right here okay yeah there he is so he sucks up the straw right and this is in zero g so stuff is floating right he's suck up the straw then he goes to another straw and the liquid in the straw goes back down that's gravity oh they fucked up yeah oh he totally fucked up no no so that one obviously he can't get everything right but it's fun to notice the things he couldn't get right well didn't think to get right so to me it's a celebration here's another one okay the rotation rate of the space station I calculated that and I did I calculated what g force would you have on the outer perimeter of the space station in 2001

1:38:45and I did the math and I forgot the exact number something like between two and three g's oh and I said it's why would you do that that's stupid you wouldn't do that and I realized if they rotated it at the rate that would give you one g it would be way too slow to make an interesting scene so I gave it to him I saw give you three g's because the strouse walls as the thing turns and the space shuttle that's approaching it matches its rotation rate with the opening in the center of the space station this whole ballet this entire ballet wow that's cool again happens at a stately but real pace okay but that pace gives him a 3g 3g's of gravity so it's three x the correct pace the correct pace it's my time it's I might even two and a half but I forgot the number but it's it's multiples too high so that is looks good so I let him do it it's it's so I'm not going to I'm fine that's artistic license that's martinian license where he says first get your facts straight then distort them at your leisure that is what I'm holding artists too

1:39:52so now when you're looking at a space station like they're in zero gravity when they're in the space station no they are in one g on the edge of the space station on the edge yeah on the turning edge yeah that's the whole point I mean that thing so I mean a real space station if the thing our space station oh oh oh so it's zero g yes right now it's but it is possible it's zero g because it is in free fall towards earth so it's constantly in free fall but it's just going around the yeah it's in free fall towards earth but it's going sideways so fast that the amount that it has fallen equals precisely the spin of the earth the curvature of the earth uh-huh is that more proof that the earth is around yeah is it if you've had physics 101 yes but is it possible to generate gravity yeah in a space station only if you rotate it all of your rotate it's not gravity it's a simple simulator gravity but according to Einstein they're indistinguishable from one another so you can do it so there it is possible to do something where you can send people into deep space and

1:40:53generate gravity through some two ways two at least two ways one of them uses rotate it and all the good sci-fi movies have rotating sections of a space station right and there's some they have rotating opposite ways so that they can spin up against one another right and so there's some clever ideas out there with space stations of the future uh for long voyages were you because I had commander hadfield on the podcast cool came back from space and was talking about the excruciating difficulty he had readjusting to gravity after being in a zero gravity environment for so long he just showing off because he's like setting records for be it was like six months it was a long time he was like he's showing yeah I couldn't I couldn't handle life with you lowly earth people he was talking about his body like it took like over a year before his bone density came back and well this is it partly addressed in the film the uh the the the Martian kid he's born on Mars comes to earth which one's that uh born on Mars yeah the kid born on Mars get your guy to research this like

1:41:58now uh what's the name of the movie it's recent yeah yeah oh this the space between us oh what how's that you got to get out more dude I do yeah so so this is a Martian colony where the first community who's what movies this it's came out a couple months ago really oh my gosh oh yeah oh man so they're this out on 19's yeah so that's the Martian colony right and one of the female astronauts they send that one there all happens to be they learn is pregnant uh oh and they can't bring her back and so they she gives birth on Mars and the first person who uh is ever born on Mars and then they then they keep it a secret and then he comes back as a teenager the falls in love see there's the fetus so so anyhow he has a hard time on earth because his heart developed in Martian gravity which is only 38% earth gravity oh wow and then on earth he just couldn't didn't didn't they had to you know figure out what to do with him wow yeah that's on Mars the kid was born on

1:43:00Mars oh crap yeah don't spoil or me Jamie yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah so uh what were we what were we generating gravity yeah so one way to rotate it up another way is if you headed somewhere right you just have a huge fuel tank and just always run your rockets oh so you just have a solar force there's always a G-Force so if you sell or accelerate it one G right towards a destination then you'll always have a great gravity and you'll get there awesomely fast but you would have to have so much fuel or you'll need it on something you need you filling stations on route this sort of thing and if you do this you you accelerate one G halfway there then you turn the spaceship around then you decelerate it one G for the other half of the trip so that when you get there you're not whizzing past it in a flyby okay that we have one G the whole trip that's how you would do that wow so the momentum when you would precisely if you accelerate it there at one G oh my gosh you hit near the speed of light very quickly whoa oh my I mean I forgot what is it in a

1:44:04I have to calculate it but it's it's the acceleration of earth gravity if you actually move that fast that's that's head snapping now would they have to have some sort of a crazy propulsion system in order to do something along those lines how fast were one G get you there uh one year yeah so uh yes so wow one G would take one year plus the distance in light years proximate centauri 4.2 light years for example would take 5.2 years so the distance in light years plus a year wow yeah that's crazy so that's that's that's so that gets you basically uh 20 25 percent the speed of light but what happens if you just run into stuff on the way like there's a lot of stuff out there right yes so isn't that a giant issue and getting to Mars all the stuff is actually quite empty but if you do hit something that's the end of everything so it's it's a low risk high consequence thing right you got to you got to put in play now how much of a risk is the space junk that we've left in the environment we're we're freaking out the other day about how many pieces are up there

1:45:07we got so there's countless thousands of bits of space junk yeah from chips of paint that fell off of the bolts to bolts and nails and retro rock and boosters yeah that's all it's all up there and I'm and I'm wondering whether we haven't been visited by aliens yet because they saw the space junk orbiting earth and said forget that I'm going to some visit some other planet what I'm gonna risk my life crazy short-sighted approach to space travel yeah so if you're up the NASA orbital debris office website you can actually see the debris that NASA is tracking basic almost in real time it's crazy how much there is and it's it's like a beehive around the earth so you got yeah there it is okay that's the debris around the earth that that that NASA tracks and there's a failed Japanese experiment to try to uh and that outer ring that you see that's the the altitude of geosynchronous satellites and that inner enough that that should be there should be a video of that uh just fine yeah go to the bottom right go to bottom right

1:46:10right there click on that play that video it's not a video why can that a video I'm sure there is a video somewhere yeah there's a video on that side so you can just see the movement of these pieces and it's so launch windows have to know when to not hit stuff so so when you have launched it's not just is everything aligned right is we'll use successfully get past the the debris and there was a Japanese they had an experiment to try to capture it with nets is a recent mission oh yeah so didn't work yeah so the problem is the low orbit stuff will eventually fall in and burn up the higher earth orbit stuff will never go away there's nothing to destroy it and so they can't capture that stuff well you need a very clever the stuff is moving 18,000 miles an hour so what's your net what just what are you doing that's so crazy oh yeah here you go there's the video oh my god go higher res on that sure I there's a high I know there's a higher rest oh god

1:47:16that's 1080 no it's not not from NASA's YouTube parents okay somebody else but that's the kind so all of that's that's debris that you're looking at there so anyway yeah so your concern for debris is well placed and we may we may be putting so much debris in space that we will close ourselves off from space travel because of the dangers it would take to get through our own garbage heap that's so crazy and this was all started in the 1940s 1950s like when did they start shooting stuff up there oh no 1950s but Nick yeah 1957 that was the first satellite right first anything yeah first anything in orbit yeah oh god and in that short amount of time no that's crazy yeah it's like it's like a dumpster 60 years planetary don't ruin the whole thing ruin the whole thing they had it for billions years 60 years they filled it up with junk yeah that's yeah oh my god that's terrifying yeah that's going around the earth oh my god all of that oh my god and is anybody

1:48:21ever hit anything while trying to do something uh well so what exacerbates it is you remember when China when was this 19 that was 2004 2003 China destroyed one of its own satellites yeah what was that about I remember some of yeah yeah and they basically did a kinetic kill on a satellite so kinetic kill for those who don't know is you don't need explosives if the speed of the projectile and its kinetic energy is higher than the energy that would be in the explosive shell itself oh so it knows a fascinating calculation to make so so here it is so I have this delivery system with a warhead and I put some bomb device in the warhead and you can calculate how much energy that is then I sanded and it hits and it blows something up but suppose I send this thing really really fast really really really fast I can calculate how much kinetic energy this thing has

1:49:26they will be a point where I give it so much kinetic energy the kinetic energy is greater than the chemical energy of the conventional explosive that I put in the warhead like shoemaker leaving well no well for example yeah no I give it to rest your example you okay it's so it's what we call a high-speed collision this is more than your bargain for in our time together but I will tell you okay you ready perfect the argument for the longest time that the craters on the moon were calderas from volcanoes and not asteroid impacts the geologists argue strenuously these can't be asteroid impacts they've got to be calderas these thousand craters on the moon why because everyone is a perfect circle and if asteroids are coming from space they would come from all angles and if you come in at a shallow angle you get an oval and even shallower

1:50:28be more oval see it up a whole range of circles and ovals and ellipses and then you don't see that they must be calderas it was not a spiny caldera it's a volcano it's a volcanic it's a volcano it's a leads a crater volcanic crater that's all yeah yeah it's a volcanic crater that's all and it's a it's a little more poetic a caldera you know but it's a it's a crater left by a volcano that has exploded like the boom was so big the mountains gone and now it's just a big hole or or at the top of the mountain there's a crater at the top of the mountain like crater lake that's that's a round hole in the top of a mountain was that once a volcano I don't know but it's a hole okay so in the 1970s we were able to do calculations with high speed computers with good computers and what we found was if the object is moving faster if the kinetic energy of the object is higher then the energy that's holding the thing together okay so what's holding together

1:51:36rock the chemical connections of the silicon and the oxygen and everything that they iron all everything is making the rock that's holding it together you can calculate how much energy is holding it together and if it's gone 45,000 miles right that right down that number now I send in the asteroid with a kinetic energy higher than the energy that's holding it together on impact it explodes because all that energy goes back into the rock because the thing isn't moving anymore where did the kinetic energy go it digs a crater number one by virtue of putting all that energy back into the stone and that explodes it so on impact even at an angle it is a singular point explosion and that's why every single crater is a perfect circle we call that a high speed impact where the speed is greater the energy of the speed is greater than the energy that's holding it together now you have experience in this okay have you ever thrown us do this next

1:52:43oh you're in California sorry snowballs snowballs take a snowball go to big bear they have a snowball and face it's a barn wall and throw the snowball at it and it'll it'll make a little circular mark on it now change your angle to the wall and throw the snowball again it'll still make a small round mark and it'll keep doing it you know why because the speed with which you through the snowball that energy is greater than the energy that's holding the snowball together because hardly energy hardly any energy is holding the snowball together it's just loosely packed snow so when you do it against the wall you see the snowball completely disappear in a in a mini snowball explosion if you will so this works for any comparison of projectile speed and what we call the binding energy the object itself this is why the intercontinental ballistic missiles never carried conventional warheads because their speed coming out of this of space because

1:53:47as they leave the atmosphere go from one con into the other then they fall out of the sky that speed gives them more kinetic energy than any conventional warhead would have had whoa but then we figured out how to make small nuclear warheads the nooks now you talk an energy the kinetic energy of the ICBM is not higher than the nuclear warhead that we now put in that's why all ICBMs are nooks wow the V2 rocket basically didn't need an explosive warhead in its tip it came out of the sky going five miles per second there was none of this that implies you're hearing the thing it's coming in supersonically whoa you're sitting there at a cocktail table on a block and then the block is go is obliterated in the next instant you didn't even know you didn't even know to look up wow so that's the and then they add an explosive anyway but they they probably didn't need to now to go back to shoemaker levy that was a comet that slammed into Jupiter no good Jupiter's a gas

1:54:49giant yes always been confused as to what that means oh most of its mass is in the form of gas most of its oh yes 90 something percent of it's yeah so when shoemaker levy slammed into Jupiter and was going so fast the gaseous atmosphere was like hitting a brick wall whoa that's how fast it was moving so that's why the explosion was exactly so it's slow all of its kinetic energy that it had got put back into the object itself because it slowed down very quickly relative to its speed I mean relative to the so so here's this comet I forgot how big shoemaker levy was so now it goes into the atmosphere and you say oh isn't it just clouds and it can watch how fast it's going you can you can ask the question over how much distance will it plow through its own mass worth of gas that's it that's a question right right that's that has to plow that much mass

1:55:50out of the way that's an important resistive force right so how much atmosphere it's a lot of atmosphere because it's gas and this thing is solid however the thing is going what 15 20 miles per second it's falling into Jupiter at 20 mile whatever the speed was if you go at 20 miles per second you will cover that much atmosphere in a fraction of a second so in a fraction of a second you go from 20 miles per second to zero or a tiny fraction of that speed all that energy has to go somewhere it goes back into the system it's a comet made of ice ice is not held together very easily the whole thing explodes got impact that was another terrifying statistic that I read about the impact that hit the Yukitana killed the dinosaurs that how deep it had gone into the earth's surface within the first second oh yeah these are these are numbers that are staggering once you calculate what they are and like I said if you come in fast enough earth's atmosphere is a brick might as well be a brick wall to you and by the way you go 60 miles an hour down the road roll

1:56:56down the window just stick your hand out the window you have to use muscle energy to not have your and your hand blown backwards against 60 miles an hour of air against your open palm just try that next time see what kind of energy that requires and that's 60 miles an hour now imagine five miles per second 10 miles per second 20 miles per second you toast how deep did the asteroid that hit and killed the dinosaurs how deep did that thing go in the second oh so what was that that was a 150 mile diameter crater something like that forgot the exact numbers so these are there's a relationship between the depth of a crater and the diameter and the mass of the thing so no it goes miles down I mean it's it's miles oh yeah oh yeah well let me think an earth rang for like a million years what happens is let me pull take that back I don't know if it's miles it's I think it

1:57:58was when I read I don't remember the exact statistical excuse me no it's got to go miles down because this thing is miles is mile it's the the the asteroid itself was the size of Mount Everest so the asteroid so it's like five miles across so it's it's it's deep no you just don't mess with this by the way the crater in Arizona called meteor crater for obvious reasons that can sink a 60 story building and that's not even a mile across and now we're talking about a crater more than 100 miles across that took out the dinosaurs that famous one in Arizona can sink a 60 story building if you if you put dirt up to the rim of that crater you can bury a 60 star that instance where you this is your whole calculation about explosions and about the amount of energy that they were looking for the raw materials that caused that crater correct correct correct they first thought is volcanic and the geologist thought it was volcanic again and the but one geologist in particularly Eugene Shoemaker who was in line to be on one of the lunar missions and then he had like a heart

1:59:02murmur and then they sent um Jack Schmidt to in in his stead who's also geologists turned US Senator from Arizona where is he Senator from I forgot uh but uh can you look at uh Jack Schmidt where he was Senator from forgive me for forget it because I knew I'm friends with him so I should have known that's uh Jack Schmidt SC HMITT it's not there's no D in it uh so uh but yes go yes I was right says in Mexico I said I was on it so New Mexico so he um uh but anyhow he's saying no this is this is an impact crater and well if it's an impact crater where is the meteorite it must be buried down here and so there were miners they were they were there were iron miners who bought the the land so they can get this huge meteor that they were sure which is sitting down there that they could mine for its natural resource they could not find the meteor uh that's because it hit at high speed velocity it was a high velocity impact which

2:00:07means its collision energy was greater than the binding energy even of the iron atoms itself and 90% of that thing vaporized on impact wow oh my brain just like this wow that's more impressive even than I remember okay there pieces that's that's a nice low angle shot so you get the shadows of the rim that's an Arizona we're wearing Arizona it's near wind slow Arizona where would that be near is that like if someone wanted to fly in to see that oh uh here it is if you go to the Grand Canyon then you drive to this and it's a couple hours a few hours okay there's meteorite mine have to go and where's the Grand Canyon there's meteor crater and Grand Canyon because of which is also an Arizona flagstaff you can drive that see that Grand Canyon to meteor crater through Flagstaff yeah so you're not gonna fly that you just drive it and it has yelp reviews look at that look at that

2:01:09look at that highlight it let's get five stars you get a crater look look look why doesn't have all the stars look no it should have every goddamn star no only 3.9 people are so big it's not that big a deal and I could dig a hole better myself oh by the way so this hole was this this this meteor crater was dug in like you know a few seconds this crater was made yeah just and how many years ago was that 50,000 years ago that's not approximately nothing wow there's probably some form of human living here then oh yeah yeah early humans maybe not if they were in North America yeah they say 40,000 is the most recent right yes it's just when they cross the barring straight yeah that's when that they would adjust a ride man you said oh that's cool I'm going back have you gone have you gone to that oh yeah multiple times oh yeah is it freaky what's freaky about it is you walk up to it you can't see it because the rim of the crater it just looks like a ridge a ridge line the rim is raised above the plane of the area right because when

2:02:13you press down it raises it up a bit so you just walk up to it and then you come up to the ledge and then it's like you realize what it is this is a nearly a mile diameter hole in the ground oh yeah it's a stunning it's a stunning encounter with the forces of nature and the fact that there's so many of those particles just floating around out there oh yeah that's not that's that's how big was that when you think oh yeah that was about about I don't know 20 yards across something yeah that's nothing that's nothing that's it 20 yards yeah maybe yeah between 20 and 40 yards 20 yards is the size of the building that's right from that garage to that front door now make that kind of sparkle yeah yeah wow that's crazy right that's not and that's the kind of thing that can get close enough that you don't even see and then it's too late and of course

2:03:14there's not going to be a change that's not going to make us extinct but it'll make a very bad day for a city yeah okay well yeah city's done and most likely the power grids jack for a long time too right now what time is that 10 till no you have 10 more minutes okay I had to get the Stephen Hawking's quote out for you Stephen Hawking's was talking about the the possibility of alien life discovering us and that it would be a terrible terrible thing if it did happen if you look at what has happened to other primitive life forms when we discovered them primitive cultures when we've discovered them do you share that same opinion that if something did find us I don't have a strong opinion on that question but I have an analysis of his comment okay he is worried about the possibility of aliens enslaving us oh based on the reality that we've done that to ourselves yes just think about that

2:04:19his fear of aliens derives not from actual knowledge of aliens but from an actual knowledge of ourselves anytime a more advanced civilization has come upon a less if it technologically advanced civilly it did not bow well for the less advanced civilization and that happened in North America South America North America with with European South America the Spanish Australia with the with the Brits never bowed it well for the less technological advanced civilization his factual knowledge of that leads him to suspect that aliens would be exactly the same and I I'm not that skeptical I don't think all life forms in the universe have the basil primal violent attitudes that we do as a species I've not been given reason to think so but don't you believe that things advance because of competition and competition forces things to

2:05:22be fairly ruthless it has been argued that if you colonize if you are civilization that colonizes the galaxy that it's a self limiting exercise why because here you go you ready we start here on earth is you and me boy all right and you take that plan I take this planet and now we have both have offspring that are just like us and we want more planets all right we reach a point where expansion is not possible because we are worrying with ourselves to gain the territory that each other has obtained so it has been argued sociologically that the very act of wanting to colonize is self limiting against successful colonization of the galaxy because the colonizing the galaxy has to be done in an organized way all right you take this sector I take this sector but if I want territory and I want it now and my kids want it now I want that territory not this other one

2:06:26in fact I want it all that kind of attitude breeds violence it breeds war into intragalactic war so it may be that the very kind of civilization that could peacefully colonize a galaxy is not the kind of civilization that would colonize the galaxy at all woof that's heavy very heavy what about the idea that any advanced that's my first comment about okay do you know the other one he's got he made another comment about we should be a multi-planet species to protect ourselves against an asteroid rendering one extinct it makes a good headline and it sounds like it makes sense but I'm not I'm not there with it yeah of course I want to back up of course let's be a multi-planet species fine but I would do it for different reasons I would do because it's cool not because we want to protect human human species from extinction no that wouldn't be the reason to do it can I tell you why please list every reason why you think

2:07:29we go extinct when we trash earth another when we can't live off of it anymore an asteroid is coming there's some natal bot gone astray okay pandemic virus pandemic okay so it seems to me that if we want to be a multi-planet species Mars would be the one because it's a 24 hour day it's got seasons we would have to terraform it first but then we all move there you see ship a billion people there here's my here's my point whatever it takes to terraform Mars and ship a billion people there it's got to be easier to deflect the asteroid whatever it takes to terraform Mars to turn it into earth if you had the power of geoengineering to do that then you have the power of geoengineering to turn earth back into earth but there are occasionally things that we miss right because of the way that so so you so you say okay whatever it takes to geoengineer Mars and ship a billion

2:08:35people there it's got to be easier to create a perfect viral serum that makes us immune to all possible disease that's got to be easier whatever that takes but isn't it possible that there's some asteroids that we just will not see until it's too late then you put up whatever that takes I mean I mean whatever but they're talking about being a ship a billion people there a billion a bit well of course why wouldn't it be we have said what you can put 10 people there what you want to split your species right okay and if an asteroid is coming that you can't deflect which would surprise me if you could ship a billion people to Mars you just let them all die what is that what you you plan to you can let all the earth people die in the Mars people survive just so you can save this be don't save everybody I'm not buying into the premise this cable carology premise that you have to save one to not save the other and you know you know cable carology I see where you

2:09:38see the cable car you you know someone's in the tracks you let them go you let them go you you steer it out of the way but then you actively kill two people instead of partially killing one person what do you do I'm not buying into that premise for this question I'm simply saying that whatever it takes it's got to be easier to put up some kind of net that finds any asteroid that could possibly harm us and zaps them out of the sky this gotta be easy this is the last question is it is it possible that the reason why we are never visited by extra restrials is because the way civilization is based degrees one two is it because the way civilizations they have visited they visited during Comic Con nobody noticed they don't like cosplay three the costumes weren't as good as ours okay three three three they've observed us and judged there's no sign of intelligent life on earth okay but is there another possibility that civilizations don't ever get

2:10:39to travel like that because what happens is as they advance and as their technology advances they become instead of a biological entity seeking to spread its genetics throughout the universe they become some sort of symbiotic artificial life that as they create as they advance their technology and as they continue to innovate they reach a limitation in biology and that eventually create artificial life that sees no desire whatsoever to travel oh interesting so I would say uh that's a great philosophical question I would say that the day we create AI if the AI is everything we are except more and not emotional then it would have been urged to explore maybe otherwise then it's not us but wouldn't it create those doors like in monster zinc and start going dimension to dimension instead of fucking around with jets yeah right right right right right yeah they figure out the fourth

2:11:39dimension yeah wouldn't that be the best way to do things then then they figure it out and then they would figure out a way to travel better than anyway we could but if the fact that we want to travel and we're creating versions of ourselves called AI I don't see why I don't see why I wouldn't want to travel but why would it be curious if AI if it is us it's not biological if then it's not well if we create every neurosynaptic map map of our brain into silicon into a computer and we create our consciousness as humans the human brain but wouldn't that human brain is human version of AI would there be like an infinite version of AI that AI could create itself and why would it limit itself to all of our emotions and sexual desires and jealousy and all the ridiculous things that are holding us back it could yeah sure sure now I'm not as fearsome of AI as others are I you know when we're not going to make an AI looking human being because the human

2:12:41form is not the best or ideal form for anything did you see x macna yes I did love it did you love it it was good it was good it was good good moments you didn't love it no it was good I loved it oh yeah I want to marry it you want to marry it okay well that's the the first thing you you yes it's the sex bot it's not even that's one of the favorite money movies for sure for sure right yeah for sure but I'm just saying it's one of my favorite movies I want to marry the movie it's just awesome movie so then marriage would no longer be about sex or just be about reproduction because just go to your room with your sex bot I'm hoping that that's one of the first things that people figure out they shouldn't do anymore well once they get smart enough to symbiotically attach themselves to artificial intelligence I was watching what was it family feud one of the questions was if you're we asked 100 married women if you could have a second husband for only one purpose what would it be something like 70% of the said just for sex whoa damn a second husband for only one purpose just just forget and stuffed just just sex so let's a fucking wake up call for a lot of

2:13:46guys let's end on that Neil deGrasse Tyson astrophysics for people in a hurry in a hurry you're out in May thank you so much sir you're you're a gentleman in a scholar I love you man I love you too brother thanks so much for coming here and thank you anytime open invitation call me out middle of the night come down here we'll open it up and you got to wake him up he'll do it he's down he loves you too all right thank you sir appreciate it